• 제목/요약/키워드: water need

검색결과 1,945건 처리시간 0.032초

THE FACTORS WHICH AFFECT THE EXTERNAL RADIATION DOSE RATE OF PET-CT PATIENTS

  • Cho, Ihn Ho;Kim, Su Jin;Han, Eun Ok
    • Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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    • 제37권4호
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    • pp.231-236
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    • 2012
  • This study derived measures to reduce exposure doses by identifying factors which affect the external radiation dose rate of patients treated with radiopharmaceuticals for PET-CT tests. The external radiation dose rates were measured on three parts of head, thorax and abdomen at a distance of 50cm from the surface of 60 PET-CT patients. It showed there are changes in factors affecting the external radiation dose rate over time after the administration of F-18 FDG. The external radiation dose rate was lower in the patients with more water intake than those with less water intake before the injection of radiopharmaceuticals at all three points: right after the injection of radiopharmaceuticals (average 4.17 mins), after the pre-PEET-CT urination step (average 77.47 mins), and right after the PET-CT test (average 114.15 mins). The study also found there is a need to increase the amount of water intake before the injection of radiopharmaceuticals in order to maintain a low external radiation dose rate in patients. This strategy is only possible under the assumption that the quality of the video has not changed after conducting this study on the relations between the image and quality. This study also found a need to use radiopharmaceuticals with the minimum amount needed for each patient because F-FDG doses affects the external radiation dose rate at the point right after the injection of radiopharmaceuticals. Urination frequency was the most significant factor to affect the external radiation dose rates at the point right after the PET-CT test and the point after the pre-PET-CT urination step. There is a need to realize the strategy to increase the urination frequency of patients to maintain the external radiation dose rate low (average 77.47 mins) before and after the injection of radiopharmaceuticals. In addition, at this point, there is a need to take advantage of personal strategies because the external radiation dose rate is lower if the fasting time is shorter, the contrast medium is used, and the amount of water intake is increased after the administration of radiopharmaceuticals. Finally this study found the need to be able to generalize these findings through an in-depth research on the factors affecting the external radiation dose rate, which includes radiopharmaceutical dose, urination frequency, the amount of water intake, fasting time and the use of contrast medium.

연못을 이용한 동절기 인공습지 오수처리수의 추가 처리 (Pond System for Further Polishing of Constructed Wetland Effluent during Winter Season)

  • 윤춘경;전지홍;김민희;함종화
    • 한국농공학회지
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    • 제44권4호
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    • pp.139-148
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    • 2002
  • Pilot study was performed to examine the feasibility of the pond system for further polishing of treatment wetland effluent from December 2000 to June 2001. The wetland system used for the experiment was highly effective to treat the sewage during the growing season, but it was less effective and its effluent was still high to discharge to the receiving water body. Therefore, the wetland effluent may need further treatment to prevent water quality degradation. Pond system could be used to hold and further polish the wetland effluent during the winter season and ots feasibility was evaluated in this study. Additional water quality improvement was apparent in the pond system during winter season, and the pond effluent could be good enough to meet the effluent water quality standards if it is properly managed. Timing of the pond effluent discharge appears to be critical for pond system management because it is a closed system and whole water quality constituents are affected by physical, chemical, and biological pond environments. Once algae started to grow in mid-April, constituents in the pond water column interact each other actively and its control becomes more complicated. Therefore, upper layer of the pond water column which is clearer than the lower layer my need be discharged in March right after ice cover melted. In the experiment, water quality of the upper water column was markedly clear in March than ant other times probably because of freezing-thawing effect. The remaining lower water column could be further treated by natural purification as temperature goes up or diluted with better quality of wetland effluent for appropriate water uses. This study demonstrated the feasibility of pond system for subsequent management of wetland effluent during the winter season, however, more study is needed for field application.

기후변화 대응방안 수립을 위한 농업용 저수지 이수안전도 평가 (An Irrigation Reliability Assessment of Agricultural Reservoir to Establish Response Plan of Future Climate Change Adaptation)

  • 권형중;남원호;최경숙
    • 한국농공학회논문집
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    • 제62권2호
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    • pp.111-120
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    • 2020
  • This study assessed the reliability of the agricultural water supply based on future climate change scenarios, and suggested plans to improve the reliability in order to promote the adaptability of irrigation water in agricultural reservoirs to climate change. The assessment of agricultural water supply reliability was performed on reservoirs which had a lower water quantity than their design basis and which had recently been subject to drought. In other words, from the irrigation districts of main intake works among the reservoirs managed by the Korea Rural Community Corporation, 1~2 districts in each province-that is, a total of 13 districts -that were recently designated as a district for securing agricultural water (drought prevention district) were selected. Climate change scenarios were applied to the selected districts to analyze their future water supply reliability compared to the current level. All districts selected showed a drought frequency of 4 years or shorter, which demonstrated the need to establish climate change response plans. As plans for responding to climate change, a plan that utilizes supplemental intake works to reduce the area of the irrigation districts of main intake works, and another one that increases the capacity of main intake works were adopted to reanalyze their water supply reliability. When the area of the irrigation districts of main intake works was reduced by about 30~40%, the drought frequency dropped to more than 10 years, securing the reliability of water supply. To secure the reliability by increasing the capacity of main intake works, it was calculated that about 19,000~2,400,000 tons need to be added to each reservoir. In addition, climate change response plans were suggested to improve the reliability of the water supply in each district based on the results of economic analysis.

연안환경관리를 위한 연안불량매립지 교정방법 비교고찰 (Re-formation plan of open dumping landfill for coastal management)

  • 윤성윤
    • 한국습지학회지
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    • 제2권2호
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    • pp.109-116
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    • 2000
  • The equipment of a landfill need whole cut off facilities so that leachate generated from the landfill primarily do not leak to the ocean. Also, the whole collected leachate need a consecutive clarification treatment to discharge. A method is considered the best among the three alternatives. The merits of this method are as follows; have no secondary pollution. can cut down the expense of treatment, have good effects on preventing external leakage, don't need a leachate well, reliable quality control and easy post management. The weaknesses of this method are as follows; need a thorough survey about underground water and quality of the soil, need a special process to use as the land.

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The status quo and developing measurement of water reuse in China

  • Li, Wei;Li, Jing;Wang, Yiwen;Zhong, Yuxiu;Liu, Hongxian;Li, Peilei
    • 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국수자원학회 2015년도 학술발표회
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    • pp.228-228
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    • 2015
  • Water reuse plays significant role in water saving and water environmental protection, and it helps alleviate the shortage of water resources. China's water reuse was put into practice since 1980s by means of pilot and promotion in National Fifth-year Plan and other strategies. The effects of water reuse is beneficial in both economic, social and environmental aspects. But some shortcomings still undermine future development of water reuse in China. To overcome and boost water reuse, Ministry of Water Resources conducted a successive survey across China. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the current condition of water reuse in China in construction, funds, legislation, planning, policy aspects, to summarize problems and its reasons underneath, to make suggestions for further development. Basically, in 2010, China's water reuse is 2.83 billion cubic meters and the utilization rate is 10.35%. Water reuse in China has four major characteristics: the first one is water reuse differences in amount occur national-widely and North of China has the main percentage as 47.3%; the second one is water reuse is mainly in environment maintenance (42.1%) and industry cooling (29.8%); the third one is funds for water reuse station and pipe construction is main in non-fiscal budget which take percentage as 56.8%; the fourth one is progresses of administrative system, political system, price management, standard system and technologies go rapidly recently. The problems of water reuse such as lack in water reuse station, delay in pipe constriction and limits on water reuse amount still exist due to some reasons. As a think tank of Ministry of Water Resources, we give some suggestions: firstly, water reuse needs to be integrated with traditional water resources allocation; secondly, public budgets need to be strengthened and income mechanism should also be constructed; thirdly, water resources integrated administrative of city and county should be boosted and roles as water reuse need to be clear and precise; fourthly, national, provincial and regional water reuse planning should be made in time; fifthly, regulations on water reuse should be programmed as soon as possible.

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Progresses in membrane and advanced oxidation processes for water treatment

  • Khulbe, K.C.;Feng, C.Y.;Matsuura, T.;Ismail, A.F.
    • Membrane and Water Treatment
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    • 제3권3호
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    • pp.181-200
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    • 2012
  • At present water crisis is not an issue of scarcity, but of access. There is a growing recognition of the need for increased access to clean water (drinkable, agricultural, industrial use). An encouraging number of innovative technologies, systems, components, processes are emerging for water-treatment, including new filtration and disinfectant technologies, and removal of organics from water. In the past decade many methods have been developed. The most important membrane-based water technologies include reverse osmosis (RO), ultrafiltration (UF), microfiltration (MF), and nanofiltration. Beside membrane based water-treatment processes, other techniques such as advanced oxidation process (AOP) have also been developed. Some unconventional water treatment technology such as magnetic treatment is also being developed.

Estimation of Water Balance based on Satelite Date in the Korean Peninsula

  • Shin, Sha-Chul;Sawamoto masaki, Sawamoto-Masaki
    • Korean Journal of Hydrosciences
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    • 제8권
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    • pp.97-110
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    • 1997
  • Quantifying water balance components is crucial to understanding the basic hydrology and hydrochemistry. An importance of water balace studies has been emphasized from the need to grasp the actual condition of water resources and environmental changes including climatic changes. This paper proposes a method for evaluating water balance components based on the vegetation monitor using remote sensing data. Here, the evapotranspiration model adopts a direct method by using NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) calculated from NOAA/AVHRR data and a detailed descriptionof water balance by using the evapotranspiration over the Korean Peninsula. In the study, areal distribution data sets of water balance components are produced using NDVI and a simplified water balance model. This method enables one to discuss the hydrological problems for North Korea where insufficient meteorological and hydrological data exist. The results obtained indicate the specific regional features on water inventory and fluctuation in water balance.

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Strengthen the Construction of Water Resources Monitoring Ability, Support the Strictest System of Water Resources management

  • Jiang, Yun-Zhong;Yi, Wan
    • 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국수자원학회 2012년도 학술발표회
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    • pp.27-33
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    • 2012
  • At present, the overall water resources monitoring ability in China is weak since there is an absence of a sound monitoring system and comprehensive monitoring information. In addition to the problem of weak management ability in monitoring, measurement and information, it can hardly meet the need of implementing the strictest management system of water resource and also restricts the practice of the system to some extent. The production states the necessity of further development of water resources monitoring ability and points out the concept of "One Country, One Account" for constructing water resources information. There is an analysis on the demand on further development of water resources monitoring ability and profound discussion about the strategies for supporting "three red-line" management.

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Classification of Radiation Work in Korean Nuclear Power Plants

  • Changju Song;Tae Young Kong;Seongjun Kim;Jinho Son;Hwapyoung Kim;Jiung Kim;Hee Geun Kim
    • 방사선산업학회지
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    • 제17권3호
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    • pp.239-256
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    • 2023
  • The classification of the radiation work performed in Korean nuclear power plants (NPPs) must be understood to provide workers with more comprehensive radiation protection. This study used annual reports on occupational exposure to investigate and analyze the similarities and differences in the radiation work performed in Korean NPPs with pressurized water reactors (PWRs) and pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs). The results showed that the radiation work performed in Korean NPPs could be classified into three categories. Category 1 contains work at the highest level. This work can be divided into individual tasks belonging to Category 2, which enables the evaluation of the radiation dose during the work. The work in Category 2 consists of tasks from Category 3, which contains basic detailed tasks that are not further subdivided. This study emphasized the need for the systematic management of the radiation work performed in both Korean PWRs and PHWRs, such as the tasks in Category 3, which are similar, with similar working conditions, for PWRs and PHWRs. It also suggested the need to establish a list of radiation work for decommissioning because Kori Unit 1 and Wolsong Unit 1 are currently in permanent shutdown and preparations are being made for their decommissioning.

강원도 산간 지역 하천을 대상으로 한 강우강도에 따른 수위 변동 관계식 작성 (Relational expression of rainfall intensity by the water level fluctuate in the mountain region river of Gang won-do)

  • 최한규;공지혁;이익상;조현종;박제완
    • 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국수자원학회 2011년도 학술발표회
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    • pp.154-159
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    • 2011
  • As the need for predicting the flood stage of river from torrential downpouring caused by climate change is increasingly emphasized, the study, centered on the area of Gangwon-do Inje-gun and Jeongseon-gun of local river, is to develop peak water level regression equation by rainfall. Through the correlation between rainfall and peak water level, it is confirmed that rainfall according to duration and peak water level have a high correlation coefficient. Based on this, a relational expression of rainfall and peak water level is verified and then the adequacy of the calculated expression is analyzed and the result shows that a very accurate prediction is not easy to achieve but a rough prediction of the change of water level at each point is possible.

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