• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2001년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.445-452
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• 2001

Generally, OPC(ordinary portland cement) is used for grouting in Korea, and bentonite has usually been added to prevent the deposition of cement particles. The dispersion of CB(cement bentonite) grout is influenced by variable factors i.e. water to cement ratio, particle size of cement, kind of bentonite, adding volume, methods of adding, viscosity of CB grout materials and curdling time. Among variable factors, the viscosity of CB grout materials is influenced by the dispersion, and dispersion is improved as increasing the mixing speed. In this paper, described a suitable mixing speed of the High Speed Mixer in field, engineering characteristics of CB grout materials vary with the water to cement ratio and the mixing speed as well as confirming the state of dispersion.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2008

In the evaluation method of KS on the activity factor of fly ash, same amount of cement should be replaced with fly ash. Therefore, contradictory effects on concrete strength exist, i. e. strength decease due to low content of cement and strength increase of strength due to filling-pore-function of fly ash. European Committee for Standardization (CEN) specifies the method 1 to 4. adding fly ash without reducing the content of cement, for the evaluation method on activity factor of fly ash. This study investigates the applicability of the method 2 of CEN to mix design of concrete. The followings are derived ; There is a key ratio of f)y ash mixing which enhances the incremental ratio of mixing water to improve fluidity of mortar. The incremental ratio of mixing water is maximized about 11% ratio of fly ash mixing. Compressive strength most slightly increases at that ratio of fly ash mixing. Activity factor of fly ash increases as water-cement ratio becomes low and contents of fly ash becomes high. Moreover, quality of fly ash and condition of mix design affect the applicable amount of fly ash and available range of water-cement ratio. However, this method has some problems for practical purpose because activity factors of fly ash for some cases are over 1.0. Further research should be conducted to develop more useful method of evaluating activity factor of fly ash.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.152-158
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• 2007

본 연구는 알칼리 활성시멘트(Alkali Activated Cement)를 콘크리트에 활용하기 위한 기초적인 연구로서 잔골재 및 굵은골재의 혼합비는 일정하게 하고, 활성화제/플라이 애쉬의 혼합비, 그리고 활성화제 중 물유리, 수산화나트륨, 물의 혼합비를 변화시킨 AAC 콘크리트에 대한 압축강도를 측정하였다. 또한 각 변수에 따른 압축강도의 특성을 분석하고, AAC 콘크리트의 최적 혼합비를 구하였다. 그 결과 최대 압축강도 발현을 위한 활성화제 중 물유리, 수산화나트륨, 물의 최적 혼합비는 4.0:1.0:2.5 이었으며, 활성화제/플라이 애쉬의 최적 혼합비는 0.7 이었다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 1999년도 연약지반처리위원회 학술세미나
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• pp.84-95
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• 1999

Laboratory experiments were performed to evaluate the strength characteristics of solidified sandy soils by portland cement with mixing conditions. Factors considered in the experiments were the fine content(<#200, %), cement content(%) and water-cement ratio and unconfined compressive strength tests were performed on samples at 7 and 28 cured day. Results of tests showed that for a low cement content(7%∼10%) the fine content was very important while for a high cement content the water-cement ratio was very important. For 7%∼10% cement content, the optimum fine content which gained maximum strength was about 30%. But for 13% cement content, low fine content and water-cement ratio were more useful than others. In the multi regression analysis, significant equation was gained.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.52-72
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• 1984

This study was performed to obtain the basic data which can be applied to the use of epoxy resin mortars. The data was based on the properties of epoxy resin mortars depending upon various mixing ratios to compare those of cement mortar. The resin which was used at this experiment was Epi-Bis type epoxy resin which is extensively being used as concrete structures. In the case of epoxy resin mortar, mixing ratios of resin to fine aggregate were 1: 2, 1: 4, 1: 6, 1: 8, 1:10, 1 :12 and 1:14, but the ratio of cement to fine aggregate in cement mortar was 1 : 2.5. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1.When the mixing ratio was 1: 6, the highest density was 2.01 g/cm$^3$, being lower than 2.13 g/cm$^3$ of that of cement mortar. 2.According to the water absorption and water permeability test, the watertightness was shown very high at the mixing ratios of 1: 2, 1: 4 and 1: 6. But then the mixing ratio was less than 1 : 6, the watertightness considerably decreased. By this result, it was regarded that optimum mixing ratio of epoxy resin mortar for watertight structures should be richer mixing ratio than 1: 6. 3.The hardening shrinkage was large as the mixing ratio became leaner, but the values were remarkably small as compared with cement mortar. And the influence of dryness and moisture was exerted little at richer mixing ratio than 1: 6, but its effect was obvious at the lean mixing ratio, 1: 8, 1:10,1:12 and 1:14. It was confirmed that the optimum mixing ratio for concrete structures which would be influenced by the repeated dryness and moisture should be rich mixing ratio higher than 1: 6. 4.The compressive, bending and splitting tensile strenghs were observed very high, even the value at the mixing ratio of 1:14 was higher than that of cement mortar. It showed that epoxy resin mortar especially was to have high strength in bending and splitting tensile strength. Also, the initial strength within 24 hours gave rise to high value. Thus it was clear that epoxy resin was rapid hardening material. The multiple regression equations of strength were computed depending on a function of mixing ratios and curing times. 5.The elastic moduli derived from the compressive stress-strain curve were slightly smaller than the value of cement mortar, and the toughness of epoxy resin mortar was larger than that of cement mortar. 6.The impact resistance was strong compared with cement mortar at all mixing ratios. Especially, bending impact strength by the square pillar specimens was higher than the impact resistance of flat specimens or cylinderic specimens. 7.The Brinell hardness was relatively larger than that of cement mortar, but it gradually decreased with the decline of mixing ratio, and Brinell hardness at mixing ratio of 1 :14 was much the same as cement mortar. 8.The abrasion rate of epoxy resin mortar at all mixing ratio, when Losangeles abation testing machine revolved 500 times, was very low. Even mixing ratio of 1 :14 was no more than 31.41%, which was less than critical abrasion rate 40% of coarse aggregate for cement concrete. Consequently, the abrasion rate of epoxy resin mortar was superior to cement mortar, and the relation between abrasion rate and Brinell hardness was highly significant as exponential curve. 9.The highest bond strength of epoxy resin mortar was 12.9 kg/cm$^2$ at the mixing ratio of 1:2. The failure of bonded flat steel specimens occurred on the part of epoxy resin mortar at the mixing ratio of 1: 2 and 1: 4, and that of bonded cement concrete specimens was fond on the part of combained concrete at the mixing ratio of 1 : 2 ,1: 4 and 1: 6. It was confirmed that the optimum mixing ratio for bonding of steel plate, and of cement concrete should be rich mixing ratio above 1 : 4 and 1 : 6 respectively. 10.The variations of color tone by heating began to take place at about 60˚C, and the ultimate change occurred at 120˚C. The compressive, bending and splitting tensile strengths increased with rising temperature up to 80˚ C, but these rapidly decreased when temperature was above 800 C. Accordingly, it was evident that the resistance temperature of epoxy resin mortar was about 80˚C which was generally considered lower than that of the other concrete materials. But it is likely that there is no problem in epoxy resin mortar when used for unnecessary materials of high temperature resistance. The multiple regression equations of strength were computed depending on a function of mixing ratios and heating temperatures. 11.The susceptibility to chemical attack of cement mortar was easily affected by inorganic and organic acid. and that of epoxy resin mortar with mixing ratio of 1: 4 was of great resistance. On the other hand, when mixing ratio was lower than 1 : 8 epoxy resin mortar had very poor resistance, especially being poor resistant to organicacid. Therefore, for the structures requiring chemical resistance optimum mixing of epoxy resin mortar should be rich mixing ratio higher than 1: 4.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.547-556
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• 2020

This study aimed to develop reference materials (RMs) that are chemically stable and can simulate the flow characteristics of cement paste. To this end, the candidate components of RMs were selected considering the currently required properties of RMs. Limestone, slag, silica, and kaolin were selected as substitutes for cement, while glycerol and corn syrup were selected as matrix fluids. Moreover, distilled water was used for mixing. To select the combinations of materials that meet all the required properties of RMs, flow characteristics were first analyzed. The results revealed that silica and kaolin exhibited bilateral nonlinearity. When an analysis was conducted over time, slag exhibited chemical reactions, including strength development. Moreover, fungi were observed in all mixtures with corn syrup. On the other hand, the combination of limestone, glycerol, and water exhibited a performance that met all the required properties of RMs. Thus, limestone, glycerol, and water were selected as the components of the RMs. When the influence of each component of the RMs on flow characteristics was analyzed, it was found that limestone affects the yield value, while the ratio of water and glycerol affects the plastic viscosity. Based on this, it was possible to select the mixing ratios for the RMs that can simulate the flow characteristics of cement paste under each mixing ratio. This relationship was established as an equation, which was verified under various mixing ratios. Finally, when the flow characteristics were analyzed under various temperature conditions, cement paste and the RMs exhibited similar tendencies in terms of flow characteristics. This indicated that the combinations of the selected materials could be used as RMs that can simulate the flow characteristics of cement paste with constant quality under various mixing ratio conditions and construction environment conditions.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.46-61
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• 1985

This study was performed to obtain the basic data which can be applied to the use of foaming mortars. The data was based on the properties of foaming mortars depending upon various mixing ratios and addings to compare those of cement mortar. The foaming agents which was used at this experiment were pre-foamed type and mix-foaming type which is being used as mortar structures. The foaming mortar, mixing ratios of cement to fine aggregate were 1:1, 1: 2, 1 : 3 and 1 : 4. The addings of foaming agents were 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5% and 3.0% of cement weight. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. At the mixing ratio of 1 : 1, the lowest water-cement ratios were showed by foaming mortars, respectively. But it gradually was increased in poorer mixing ratio and decreased in more addition of foaming agent. The water-cement ratios were decreased up to 1. 8~22. 0% by G, 2. 2~24. 1 % by U and 0. 7~53. 1% by J foaming mortar than cement mortar. 2, At the mixing ratio of 1 : 1, the highest bulk densities were showed by foaming mortars, respectively. But, it gradually was decreased in poorer mixing ratio and more addition of foaming agent. The bulk densities were decreased up to 1. 4~20. 7% by G, 2. 3~23. 7% by U and 26. 5~56. 5% by J foaming mortar than cement mortar. Therefore, foaming mortar could be utilized to the constructions which need low strengths. 3. At the mixing ratio of 1:1, the lowest absorption rates were showed by foaming mortars, respectively. But, it gradually was increased in poorer mixing ratio and more addition of foaming agent. Specially, according to the absorption rate when immersed in 72 hours, the absorption rates were showed up to 1. 01~1. 24 times by G, 1. 03~1. 58 times by U and 1. 10~5. 91 times by J foaming mortar than cement mortar. It was significantly higher at the early stage of immersed time than cement mortar. 4. At the mixing ratio of 1:1, the lowest air contents were showed by foaming mortars, respectively. But, it gradually was increased in poorer mixing ratio and more addition of foaming agent. Air contents were contented up to 4. 0~17. 2 times by G, 5. 2~23. 2 times by U and 23. 8~74. 5 times by J foaming mortar than cement mortar. 5. At the mixing ratio of 1 : 1, the lowest decreasing rates of strengths were showed by foaming mortars, respectively. But, it gradually was increased in poorer mixing ratio and more addition of foaming agent. Specially, the strengths of 28 days were decreased 0. 4~2. 2% than those of 7 days by foaming mortar, respectively. Also, the correlations between compressive and tensile strength, compressive and ending strength, tensile and bending strength were highly significant as a straight line shaped, respectively. 6. The correlations between absorption rate, air content, compressive strength and bulk density, absorption rate, compressive strength and air content were highly significant, respectively. The multiple regression equations of water-cement ratio, bulk density, absorption ate, air content, compressive strength, tensile strength and bending strength were computed depending on a function of mixing ratio and addition of foaming agent. It was highly significant, respectively. 7. At the mixing ratio of 1 : 1, the highest strengths were showed by cement mortar and foaming mortars, by chemical reagents. But, it gradually was decreased in poorer mixing ratio. The decreasing rates of strengths were in order of H $_2$S0 $_4$, HNO$_3$ and HCI, J,U,G foaming mortar and cement mortar. Specially, at the each mixing ratio, each chemical reagent and 3.0% of foaming agent, J foaming mortar was collapsed obviously. Therefore, for the structures requiring acid resistence, adding of foaming agent should be lower than 3.0%.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.227-234
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 준설토 투기장의 갯벌을 골재의 대체 재료로 사용하여 갯벌의 혼입율, 물-시멘트비의 증가에 따른 모르타르의 특성 및 친환경 건축자재로서의 적용 가능성을 분석하였다. 플로우 실험결과 갯벌 혼입량이 증가할수록 플로우 값이 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 염화물함유량시험은 갯벌의 혼입량이 증가함에 따라 염화물함유량이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 갯벌을 혼입한 시험체의 압축 및 인장강도시험에서는 갯벌의 혼입율이 증가할수록 강도는 저하되었지만 재령 14일강도 기준으로 대부분의 시험체가 Plain보다 높은 강도를 나타냈으나, 재령 14일의 강도가 재령 28일의 강도보다 높은 값을 발현하였다. 이는 갯벌의 점성과 응집력으로 인한 혼합과정의 실험오차로 판단되며, 추후 갯벌의 혼합방법에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 본 실험의 압축강도에서는 물-시멘트비 70%가 가장 우수하였고, 인장강도에서는 물-시멘트비 80%가 가장 우수하였다. 표면분석평가에서는 강도와 배합, 다짐에서 가장 양호한 물-시멘트비 70%를 선정하여 표면의 거칠기를 분석하였는데, 분석결과에서 갯벌의 혼입율이 증가할수록 매끄러운 표면을 나타냈다. 결론적으로 물-시멘트비 70%가 갯벌모르타르의 최적의 혼합비이며 갯벌 혼입율 10~30%가 가장 최적의 비율로 판단된다. 또한 갯벌을 이용한 벽돌, 타일 등의 내부 마감재와 내부 미장바름재 등의 적용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.419-426
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• 2015

본 연구는 지하식 LNG 저장탱크의 시공에 앞서 연약지반의 개량을 위하여 현장 원위치의 흙과 시멘트, 벤토나이트 등을 사용하는 소일-시멘트 연속벽체를 효과적으로 시공하는 SMW 공법에 대한 배합설계 및 현장적용 사례를 실험적으로 규명하기 위한 것이다. 현장조건을 고려하여, 보통 포틀랜드 시멘트와 벤토나이트를 주재료로 선정하였고, 흙의 단위용적중량은 $1,833kg/m^3$을 적용하였으며, 이에 따른 물-시멘트비 4종류와 배합속도 3수준을 대상으로 블리딩 및 압축강도 실험을 실시하였다. 실험은 실내실험 및 현장적용 사례로 나누어 수행되었으며, 실험을 통하여 얻은 결론은 다음과 같다. (1) 물-시멘트비가 감소할수록, 배합속도(rpm)이 증가할수록, 블리딩량 및 블리딩율이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. (2) 물-시멘트비 150% 이하에서 현장적용강도(1.5 MPa)를 만족하였으며, 현장 코아강도는 공시체 강도에 비해 8~23% 증가하였다. 따라서 적용현장 조건을 고려하여 단위시멘트량 $280kg/m^3$, 벤토나이트 $10kg/m^3$, 물-시멘트비 150%, 그리고 배합속도 90 rpm을 현장시공의 최적배합으로 제안하였으며, 현장적용 사례의 실험결과로부터 요구되는 성능을 만족하였다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.133-139
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• 1997

Conventional concrete mixing method is to put all of the materials simultaneously into a mixer and mix for a required time. However, recently concrete researchers have reported that mixing sequence iufluences the properties of concrete. This study discusses the influence of mixing sequence and partitioning addition of mixing water. Concrete, by method of partitioning addition of mixing water, was found to have substantially stronger strength than conventional concrete with the same water-cement ratio. This means that a higher strength concrete could be obtained by using “Sand Enveloped with Cement”(S.E.C) mixing technique. Both a high bond strength between cement paste and aggregate, and elimination of bleeding both contribute to improving the strength of S. E. C concrete.