• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.58-66
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• 1997

In order to evaluate the exact effect of detergency it is necessary both to measure the actual soil content by chemical analysis and to determine the degree of soil removal visually. Since it takes considerable time and effort to use both methods, usually one of the two methods is used. Many studies have been carried out through increasing the visibility of oily soil to evaluate detergency by measuring reflectance of fabrics. In this study Sudan Black B, an oil soluble dye was used as an indicator to increase the visibility of oily soil on cotton and polyester fabrics. The condition of artificially soiled fabrics and the method of evaluating detergency were investigated which represent the actual detergency of oily soil by measuring the reflectance only. Also the detergency of Sudan Black B and that of oily soil were compared with each other under various washing conditions, As a result, the K/S values converted from the reflectances showed a good correlation with the actual soil content. Linear relationship between K/S value and the actual soil content was obtained. The K/S values of washed fabrics were higher than those of unwashed fabrics which included same content of soil since the soil visibility changed during washing. But the difference was small when Sudan Black B was used. With the increase of soil content, detergency of cotton fabric decreased, but detergency of polyester fabric increased gradually. With regards to soiled fabrics, detergency of cotton fabric measured by K/S value was close to that of actual oily soil when Sudan black B was used as an indicator.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.44-52
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• 2002

Recently there has been a growing interest in the use of natural dyes in textile applications. Natural dyes can exhibit better biodegradability and generally have a higher compatibility with the environment. In this study, the colorants of Catalpa ovata bark were extracted with water and analyzed by spectrophotometry for their main colorant species. Cotton, silk and wool fabrics have been dyed with aqueous extract of Catalpa ovata bark and their dyeabilities on the fibers were studied. Additionally the fastness to washing, drycleaning and light, and the effects on bacteriostatic rate and UV-B protection rate were also investigated. The major colorant of the extract of Catalpa ovata bark was shown to be 6-O-trans-caffeoyl-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside. Cotton, silk and wool fabrics dyed with the extract of Catnip ovata bark were colored in yellowish red tint. The optimum dyeing condition of the colorants extracted from Catalp ovata bark was three repeated dyeing at $95^\circ{C}$ for 1 hr using post mordanting. For dyed silk and wool fabric, the fastness to washing were improved by mordanting, and the fastness to drycleaning were very outstanding. In case of wool fabric dyed with the extract of Catalpa ovata bark, the bacteriostatic rate was increased drastically by 98.0%, and UV-B protection rate was increased by 97.3%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.224-232
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• 1998

Protease is mixtured in detergent to remove protein-soil easily. It must not act on the any fiber except protein-soil during laundry. So the purpose of this study is to investigate how protease is affect the fiber, particulary the protein-fiber. For this purpose, silk, wool and nylon are selected as samples, and the extent of the damage was estimated as tensile strength and surface condition (that is fibrillation). The results are as follows. The tensile strength of fiber treated with protease were lowered at enzyme concentration 0.1%, temperature 4$0^{\circ}C$ , and, as washing time was longer, it was lowered more. And it was showed that the surface of fibers were fiblliated by protease during washing. From this results, it was found that protease damaged protein-fiber. The damage of silk was the largest of all, and wool was less damaged than silk, because it has the scale (cuticle) on the outside. Additionary, an influence of surfactant on damage of fiber was little about three fibers, but, the fibers were damaged more by the binary nonionic-surfactant and protease mixture than by protease only.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.276-280
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• 2000

A conductive poly(acrylonitrile)/polypyrrole composite fabric was prepared. A conductive composite was prepared by the impregnation of PAN fabric into a mixed solution of pyrrole and oxidant in order to induce the in-situ polymerization of a conducting polymer into the matrix fabric. In the composite formation, the reaction condition was optimized to achieve the best properties, and the effect of the externally-added arylsulfonate dopants on the physical properties was examined. As a result, the best properties of electrical conductivity, thermal stability, and fastness to washing, was observed in the composite containing an antraquinonesulfonate (AQSA) dopant.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1417-1426
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• 2009

Various types of damper are usually applied to reduce noise and vibration for mechanical systems. Especially, for washing machines, the free-friction stroke damper is installed. The behavior of the free-friction stroke damper has nonlinear characteristics such as hysteresis and viscoelastic properties because of its foam material. First of all, the dynamic experiments were carried out by using a MTS machine to find characteristics of the free-friction stroke damper. And the simulation model of the free-friction stroke damper and characteristics of a foam material were evaluated by using optimization technique. To make a good simulation model which can show the dynamic characteristics, it is important to understand the working mechanism of the damper. The Finite Element Method (FEM) technique can help us instinctively understand the damping phenomenon under operating conditions, because we can observe the condition of damper at every step in the simulation by using it. Also, by changing factors, we can comprehend the variation of characteristics of damper. So, in this paper, a study on the dynamic characteristics of free-friction stroke damper by FEM is focused on. Finally, the possibility which physical experiments can be replaced into simulations is shown.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.263-274
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• 2001

This study investigated the dyeability on silk, wool and rotten fabrics dyed with Magnolia liliflora leafs. In addition, the fastness of washing, perspiration, rubbing, drycleaning and the effects of its pigment on bacterial reduction and uv-B protection were also investigated. The results were as follows : It was found that uv-visible absorption spectrum showed two strong absorption peaks in the range of $250{\sim}340nm$. The optimum dyeing condition of the pigments extracted from the Magnolia liliflora leafs was dyeing with 0.5% mordants and three repeated dyeing at $95^{\circ}C$ for 1hr. When the wool fabric was dyed with Magnolia liliflora leaf, dyeing properties was the best among the three fabrics. Washing fastness of dyed fabrics was very low, drycleaning fastness was good and the other fastness were good. Light fastness of three fabrics dyed by Magnolia liliflora leafs increased by mordant treatment, especially copper sulfate treatment. The bacterial reduction and uv-B protection of dyed wool fabric with Magnolia liliflora leafs also increased.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.237-241
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• 2008

This study has been carried out to investigate the wear and heat resistant properties of durable moldwash agent for Al gravity casting according to mold washing process conditions. The wear properties of coated specimen were performed by sliding wear testing machine and heat resistance were evaluated by measuring the loss of coated moldwash agent during emerging of coated specimen in Al melts. During testing, experimental variables were mold surface temperature, moldwash agent/distilled wear, and additive concentrations. The lower additive concentration and mold temperature caused the smooth surface roughness of coated specimen, It was found that the specimen coated with moldwash/water ratio 1:3, additive concentration 9wt% and mold temperature higher than $200^{\circ}C$ showed superior wear and heat treatment. Also, these results were supported by fluidity test.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2004

Dyeing properties of Glycyrrhizae Radix was investigated with silk fabrics. Dyeing water is a type of chalcone, it showed yellow in IR spectrum. K/S value showed high in following conditions; Glycyrrhizae Radix $200g/1\ell4 water, $80^{\circ}$ of dyeing temperature, 90 minute of dyeing time. Glycyrrhizae Radix dyeing water has higher K/S value in alkalinity(pH9) than in neutrality(pH7) or acidity(pH3) conditions. K/S value showed highest in pH5 premordant method of alkalinity dyeing water condition. The color of silk fabric dyed with Glycyrrhizae Radix is yellow. The change of color did not show by mordant treatment. K/S value showed higher in mordant treatment than nonmordant. Light fastness showed over 3 degree in nonmordant, premordant, simmordant(Al,Cu,Fe) and postmordant(Cu). Water fastness showed over 3 degree in dyeing water(pH3, pH5, pH7). Dry cleaning fastness showed over 3 degree in all dyeing methods. Washing fastness is showed in 2-3 degree; Al in nonmordant, premordant, simmordant and Cu in simmordant are 2-3 degree. Perspiration fastness is nearly 3-4 degree in premordant and simmordant. Perspiration fastness shows high in premordant, simmordant than postmordant. The fastness of light, water, dry cleaning, washing, perspiration shows better nonmordant, premordant, simmordant than postmordant method.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.377-384
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• 2008

For the purpose of standardization and practicability of natural dyeing, the mordanting and dyeing properties of gallnut was studied. In this study, the colorants of gallnut were extracted with boiling water. Chitosan crosslinked cotton fabrics were been dyed with aqueous extract of gallnut and their dyeabilities on the fabrics were studied. Additionally, the fastness to washing and light were also investigated. Cotton fabrics were treated with a crosslinking agent epichlorohydrin in the presence of chitosan to provide the cotton fabrics the dyeing properties of natural dye(gallnut) by the chemical linking of chitosan to the cellulose structure. The chitosan finishing and durable press finishing of the cotton fabrics carried out simultaneously in the mercerization bath. The dyeability(K/S), which was obtained by CCM observation, remarkably increased as the concentration of chitosan was high. Dye ability of gallnut showed higher toward chitosan treated cotton than controlled cotton fabric under condition at $60^{\circ}C$, for 20 min. The hue value indicated reddish yellow with increasing the crosslinked chitosan concentration. And the color fastness to washing and light was the almost the same.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.206-211
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• 1987

In an attempt to improve the quality stability of dried layer (Porphyra yezoensis Ueda), during longterm storage and distribution, a 6 months storage trial at different temperature and packaging condition was conducted. Dried layer samples were prepared by conventional procedure with different washing condition and $5^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ were employed as storage temperature. The moisture sorption isotherm was drawn at $5^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ and BET equation was prepared from the moisture sorption isotherm. The monolayer moisture contents of dried layer were 7.4% at $5^{\circ}C$ and 6.4% at $25^{\circ}C$, respectively. It was also found that the changes in comprehensive quality of dried layer during storage was much less at low temperature and the degree of washing before drying process as far as its moisture contents are lower than monolayer moisture contents. With regard to the packing methods, vaccum packing was superior to air containing packaging for the maintainance of quality during storage.