• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.445-457
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• 2017

In this study, we developed an approach to better account for uncertainties in estimated contributions from fine particulate matter ($PM_{2.5}$) modeling. Our approach computes a Concentration Correction Factor (CCF) which is a ratio of observed concentrations to baseline model concentrations. We multiply modeled direct contribution estimates with CCF to obtain revised contributions. Overall, the modeling system showed reasonably good performance, correlation coefficient R of 0.82 and normalized mean bias of 2%, although the model underestimated some PM species concentrations. We also noticed that model biases vary seasonally. We compared contribution estimates of major source sectors before and after applying CCFs. We observed that different source sectors showed variable magnitudes of sensitivities to the CCF application. For example, the total primary $PM_{2.5}$ contribution was increased $2.4{\mu}g/m^3$ or 63% after the CCF application. Out of a $2.4{\mu}g/m^3$ increment, line sources and area source made up $1.3{\mu}g/m^3$ and $0.9{\mu}g/m^3$ which is 92% of the total contribution changes. We postulated two major reasons for variations in estimated contributions after the CCF application: (1) monthly variability of unadjusted contributions due to emission source characteristics and (2) physico-chemical differences in environmental conditions that emitted precursors undergo. Since emissions-to-$PM_{2.5}$ concentration conversion rate is an important piece of information to prioritize control strategy, we examined the effects of CCF application on the estimated conversion rates. We found that the application of CCFs can alter the rank of conversion efficiencies of source sectors. Finally, we discussed caveats of our current approach such as no consideration of ion neutralization which warrants further studies.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.90-94
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• 2018

'홍실(Hongsil)' 품종은 경상남도농업기술원에서 2015년 육성한 촉성재배용 딸기 신품종이다. '802a312'를 모본으로 하고 '옥매(Okmae)'를 부본으로 하여 2011년 교배하여 과실의 당도와 경도가 높아 수출용으로 적합한 개체로 선발한 것이다. 2013-2014년에 촉성재배 작형으로 특성 및 생산력검정 결과 우량계통으로 '1116-74-15'를 선발하였고, 2015년 농가 실증 시험을 거쳐 '홍실'로 명명하였다. '홍실'의 초형은 반개장형으로 초세는 중간 정도이다. 휴면이 얕고 화아분화가 빨라서 촉성재배에 적합한 품종이다. 과실의 당도는 $10.0^{\circ}Brix$로 '설향'보다 $0.4^{\circ}Brix$가 더 높았으며, 경도는 $13.1g{\cdot}mm^{-2}$로 '매향'과 비슷하였다. '홍실'의 과실은 장원추형으로 과색은 선홍색이며 상품수량은 $4,269kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$으로 '매향'보다 16% 더 많았다. 병저항성은 흰가루병에 다소 약하므로 방제에 유의하여야 한다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.4067-4073
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• 2012

Obesity is an established risk factor for colorectal cancer. Pioglitazone is a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor$receptor{\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$) agonist that induces differentiation in adipocytes and induces growth arrest and/or apoptosis in vitro in several cancer cell lines. In the present study, we investigated the effect of pioglitazone on the development of azoxymethane-induced colon aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in KK-$A^{\mathcal{Y}}$ obesity and diabetes model mice, and tried to clarify mechanisms by which the $PPAR{\gamma}$ ligand inhibits ACF development. Administration of 800 ppm pioglitazone reduced the number of colon ACF/mouse to 30% of those in untreated mice and improved hypertrophic changes of adipocytes in KK-$A^{\mathcal{Y}}$ mice with significant reduction of serum triglyceride and insulin levels. Moreover, mRNA levels of adipocytokines, such as leptin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, in the visceral fat were decreased. PCNA immunohistochemistry revealed that pioglitazone treatment suppressed cell proliferation in the colorectal epithelium with elevation of p27 and p53 gene expression. These results suggest that pioglitazone prevented obesity-associated colon carcinogenesis through improvement of dysregulated adipocytokine levels and high serum levels of triglyceride and insulin, and increase of p27 and p53 mRNA levels in the colorectal mucosa. These data indicate that pioglitazone warrants attention as a potential chemopreventive agent against obesity-associated colorectal cancer.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 1999

요 약：본 연구의 목적은 주의력 결핍/과잉행동 장애 아동의 실행 능력을 비교 집단인 신경증 집단과 비교하고자 하였으며, 특히 연령 변화에 따른 실행 능력의 변화를 비교 고찰하였다. 방 법：대상은 DSM-IV 진단준거에 의하여 ADHD로 진단 받은 아동들로, 연령 범위는 6세에서 16세까지의 아동 87명(남자 77명, 여자 10명)이다. 대조군은 경미한 우울 장애, 경미한 불안 장애를 보이는 19명의(남자 14명, 여자 5명) 아동들로 이하 신경증 집단으로 분류하였다. 모든 아동에게 1：1로 WCST를 실시하였으며, Heaton(1981)의 방식을 computer version으로 실시하였다. 연구에서 측정한 WCST의 종속측정치는 총시도횟수, 정반응수, 오반응수, 보속반응수, 보속오류수, 첫 범주를 마치는데 요구된 시도수, 유지실패수, 완성된 범주수 이다. 이때, 연령 및 진단을 함께 고려하여 이원변량분석(2-way ANOVA) 및 t-test 검증을 실시하였다. 결 과：ADHD 집단과 Neurosis 집단 간에 WCST의 수행을 비교한 결과는 정반응수, 오반응수, 비보속 오류수, 개념반응, 완성된 범주수에서 두 집단 간에 유의미한 차이를 나타내었다. 연령에 따라 WCST의 수행을 비교한 결과 총시행수, 오반응수, 보속 반응수, 보속 오류수, 비보속 오류수, 완성된 범주수, 첫범주 완성 시도수에서, 의미있는 차이를 나타내었다. 결 론：ADHD 집단은 대조군에 비하여, 외부 feedback에 맞춰 자신의 반응을 수정해 가는 능력이 부족하며, 자기-통제를 하지 못한 채 무작위적인 반응을 했을 가능성을 시사하고 있다. 하지만 보속 오류수, 보속 반응수에서는 차이가 나타나지 않고 있어 이에 대한 해석에 주의를 요하고 있다. 또한 연령 변화에 따라 실행 능력 전반에 걸쳐 변화가 나타나고 있다는 것은 실행 능력을 연구할 때 발달적인 측면이 꼭 고려되어야 함을 시사한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.903-910
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• 2015

To maintain a predominantly pasture-based system, the large herd milked by automatic milking rotary would be required to walk significant distances. Walking distances of greater than 1-km are associated with an increased incidence of undesirably long milking intervals and reduced milk yield. Complementary forages can be incorporated into pasture-based systems to lift total home grown feed in a given area, thus potentially 'concentrating' feed closer to the dairy. The aim of this modelling study was to investigate the total land area required and associated walking distance for large automatic milking system (AMS) herds when incorporating complementary forage rotations (CFR) into the system. Thirty-six scenarios consisting of 3 AMS herds (400, 600, 800 cows), 2 levels of pasture utilisation (current AMS utilisation of 15.0 t dry matter [DM]/ha, termed as moderate; optimum pasture utilisation of 19.7 t DM/ha, termed as high) and 6 rates of replacement of each of these pastures by grazeable CFR (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%) were investigated. Results showed that AMS cows were required to walk greater than 1-km when the farm area was greater than 86 ha. Insufficient pasture could be produced within a 1 km distance (i.e. 86 ha land) with home-grown feed (HGF) providing 43%, 29%, and 22% of the metabolisable energy (ME) required by 400, 600, and 800 cows, respectively from pastures. Introduction of pasture (moderate): CFR in AMS at a ratio of 80:20 can feed a 400 cow AMS herd, and can supply 42% and 31% of the ME requirements for 600 and 800 cows, respectively with pasture (moderate): CFR at 50:50 levels. In contrast to moderate pasture, 400 cows can be managed on high pasture utilisation (provided 57% of the total ME requirements). However, similar to the scenarios conducted with moderate pasture, there was insufficient feed produced within 1-km distance of the dairy for 600 or 800 cows. An 800 cow herd required 140 and 130 ha on moderate and high pasture-based AMS system, respectively with the introduction of pasture: CFR at a ratio of 50:50. Given the impact of increasing land area past 86 ha on walking distance, cow numbers could be increased by purchasing feed from off the milking platform and/or using the land outside 1-km distance for conserved feed. However, this warrants further investigations into risk analyses of different management options including development of an innovative system to manage large herds in an AMS farming system.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.223-229
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the results of the treatment of hallux valgus with metatarsal double osteotomy and longitudinal pin fixation. Materials and Methods: We reviewed 19 patients (21 feet) who had been treated by metatarsal double osteotomy and longitudinal pin fixation for the moderate or severe hallux valgus with increased distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA), between 1999 and 2004. They were followed prospectively for a minimum of 20 months. Functional outcomes were measured via Hallux metatarsophalangeal-Interphalangeal (HMI) scale and Mayo clinic forefoot scoring system (FFSS). Radiographically, we assessed pre, postoperative and at the last follow-up, the hallux valgus angle (HVA), 1st and 2nd intermetararsal angle (IMA), DMAA. Results: The average preoperative HVA, IMA, DMAA measured $36.76^{\circ}$, $13.62^{\circ}$, $26.00^{\circ}$, respectively. At the last follow-up, HVA, IMA, DMAA measured $9.57^{\circ}$, $7.14^{\circ}$, $9.33^{\circ}$. The correction of HVA, IMA, DMAA were $27.19^{\circ}$, $6.48^{\circ}$, $6.67^{\circ}$. At the last follow-up, there were no recurrences and complications, except two patients complained of unsatisfactory stiffness in the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint and subjectively rated their results as fair. The others rated that as excellent or good. At the last follow-up, statistically, the mean HMI scale and FFSS improved significantly from pre-operative score. Conclusions: In the treatment of moderate or severe hallux valgus with increased DMAA by metatarsal double osteotomy and longitudinal pin fixation, we had good functional and radiological results without recurrences and significant complications. But the stiffness in the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint warrants further study.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.64-74
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether chemical exposure among workers has relevance to dyspnea using data from the $3^{rd}$ Korea Working Conditions Survey. Methods: The research subjects were 29,711 wage workers. Chemical exposures consist of four factors, (1) breathing in vapors, fumes, dust and dirt, (2) breathing in organic solvent vapors, (3) handling or touching chemicals, and (4) secondhand smoke. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between chemical exposure and dyspnea in the last 12months using proc surveylogistic in SAS 9.3 statistical software excluding people who had received a diagnosis of hypertension or obesity that can affect the respiratory distress symptoms(n=27,842). Results: Chemical exposure among workers was associated with dyspnea after adjustment for demographics and job characteristics. Prevalence of dyspnea was 4.9 per 1,000 among men and 5.8 per 1,000. Compared to a total score of 0 points of chemical exposure among workers, a total score of 1, 2-3, and 4 points tended to have increased risk of dyspnea in a dose-response manner for both men (OR=1.43, 1.93, and 4.26; P-for trend=0.002) and women(OR=1.10, 2.81, and 7.70; P-for trend=0.002). Stratified analysis by duration of current job showed that the association between chemical exposure and dyspnea tended to get stronger until 15 years and then disappeared afterwards, which reflects healthy worker survivor effect. Conclusions: We observed significant association between chemical exposure and dyspnea using the data of the $3^{rd}$ Korea Working Conditions Survey. Our results warrants providing knowledge related to chemical exposure, performing prevention activities, and creating various health policies to protect workers.

• 대한불안의학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.59-67
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• 2014

Objective : To obtain the incidence rate of anxiety disorders among the active duty Korean military personnel, who visited the military hospitals from 2011 to 2013, this descriptive epidemiological study was performed. Methods : After acquiring the data for the anxiety disorders from Defense Medical Statistics Information System, the annual incidence rates were analyzed by forces, position status, and specific disease entities. Results : One thousand, nine hundred and thirteen (1,913) active duty male military personnel were diagnosed with any kinds of anxiety disorders in their first visit to the psychiatric outpatient department (OPD). The total OPD visit counts were 7,870 during the same period. Anxiety disorder, NOS was the most frequent disorder, followed by panic disorder. While the incidence rate for anxiety disorder, NOS decreased, panic disorder displayed increasing tendency. Stress-related disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder were positioned third and fourth, respectively, for the number of first visit and they both showed decreasing tendency in annual incidence rates. Social anxiety disorder, specific phobias, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and mixed anxiety-depressive disorder followed next. The annual incidence rates for anxiety disorders showed decreasing tendency, particularly evident in army soldiers. However, naval officers showed higher anxiety disorder incidence rate compared to those of the army and the air forces. Conclusion : Comparing to general population, panic disorder was higher while specific phobias and GAD were lower in the Korean military. It is interesting to observe higher incidence rate for anxiety disorder in naval officers and warrants further evaluation.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

신경세포 가지돌기가시의 형태를 분석하는 것은 신경세포의 기능을 이해하는데 중요하다. 가지돌기가시는 광학현미경 해상도의 한계근처에 있는 구조물로 투과전자현미경 및 공초점헌미경 등을 이용한 연구들이 보고 되고 있다. 고압전자현미경은 높은 해상도와 투과능력 덕분에 두꺼운 절편의 관찰이 용이하여 신경세포의 가지돌기가시 등을 관찰하는데 유용한 것으로 알려져 있다. 고압전자현미경을 이용하여 신경세포의 가지돌기가시를 효과적으로 관찰하는방법을 확인하고 기본적인 형태학적 자료를 축적하고자 하였다. 생쥐 소뇌에 위치하는 조롱박세포의 가지돌기가시를 anti-calbindin 28kD항체 및 Golfi 염색으로 표지한 후 $4{\mu}m$두께의 절편을 제작하여 impregnation방법으로 각각 처리하여 표본을 제작한 후, 초고압전자현미경으로 관찰하여 효과적인 관찰방법을 찾고, 영상분석 기법을 이용하여 가지돌기가시의 밀도와 가시의 길이를 측정하였다. 초고압전자현미경 관찰 결과, 면역조직화학법과 Golgi법 모두 조롱박세포의 가지돌기가시를 관찰할 수 있었으나 Golgi법으로 준비된 표본이 가시를 정량적으로 분석하기에 더욱 적합하였다. 명상분석 결과로는 가지돌기 가시의 평균밀도가 $24.5{\pm}3.6$개/$10{\mu}m$였고, 가시의 평균길이는 $1.12{\pm}0.22{\mu}m$였다. 본 연구를 통해서 Gogli 법으로 염색된 조롱박세포를 고압전자현미경으로 관찰할 경우, 가지돌기가시를 정량적으로 관찰할만한 만족스러운 영상을 얻을 수 있었고, 추후 경사를 주어 촬영한 두 장의 사진을 이용하여 3차원적으로 분석하면 좀 더 정확한 결과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 판단되며, 이는 소뇌의 신경가소성을 이해하는데 중요한 자료가 될 것이다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.171-177
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• 2010

Serratia marcescens catabolic threonine dehydratase는 streptomycin sulfate treatment, Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, AMP-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography 등의 방법으로 정제하였는데, 최종 단계에서 회수율은 15.5%이었으며 50배 정제되었다. Native 분자량은 native pore gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE) 방법으로는 120,000이었다. SDS-PAGE에 의한 subunit의 분자량은 30,000이었고, 즉 S. marcescens 효소는 4개의 동일한 subunit으로 구성된 homo-tetrameric protein임이 판명되었다. S. marcescens 효소의 L-threonine에 대한 Km값은 AMP가 있는 조건에서 7.3 mM, AMP가 없는 조건에서 92 mM이었다. S. marcescens 효소는 효소 1 mole 당 각각 2 mole의 pyridoxal 5'-phosphate(PLP), 16개의 free-SH group을 가지고 있었다. S. marcescens 효소는 AMP의 존재 하에서 $\alpha$-ketobutyrate, pyruvate, glyoxylate, phosphoenol pyruvate(PEP)에 의해 효소 활성이 억제되었으며, cAMP와 ADP에 의해서는 효소 활성이 증가되었다. 효소학적 성질면에서 S. marcescens 효소는 E. coli 효소보다는 S. typhimurium 효소와 유사하였다. 한편, E. coli 효소는 cAMP에 의하여 효소 활성이 증가되고, S. typhimurium 효소는 ADP에 의해 효소 활성이 증가되는 것과 다르게, S. marcescens 효소는 cAMP와 ADP 모두 효소 활성이 증가되었다. 따라서 이상의 연구 결과들은 세 enteric bacteria의 catabolic threonine dehydratase가 서로 작은 차이점이 있다는 것을 반영하며, 이러한 사실을 규명하기 위해서는 향후 보다 심층적인 연구를 수행하여야 할 것으로 사료된다.