• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.22-39
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• 2011

This study examines the wage level from a viewpoint of major-job match as part of an analysis on the skill mismatch problem in 4-year college graduates. The empirical analysis explicitly incorporate the sample selection bias as an econometric problem not only suggested but merely introduced in the earlier studies. This study also set up a major-job match variable, which was usually handled as a binary variable for analytical convenience, as a polychotomous choice variable in selection equation as provided by the survey. In particular, it considered multi-cohort survey on graduates of the years 1982, 1992, and 2002 for the empirical analysis. As a result of empirical analysis, the wage premium of a major-job match was identified. This result was consistent after the consideration of a sample selection bias and also after modeling the major-job match variable as polychotomously selective. Through an analysis classified by the major, this study identified a relatively high wage premium among Social Science, Engineering, and Science majors. However, there was a difference in the effect of selection among these majors. Also, by assessing cohort effects this study found that the skill mismatch had rapidly progressed in 1992, while difference between 1992 and 2002 cohorts are insignificant. The analysis suggests that wage level is better understood within the context of both sample selection and major-job match, and regardless of model specification the major-job match affects wage strongly.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.75-111
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• 2004

On the basis of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), this paper investigates wage consequences of cumulative experience of job displacement. Unlike previous studies, we consider two measures of cumulative unemployment experience simultaneously: the total frequency and the cumulative duration of unemployment induced by job displacement. When frequency and cumulative duration compete in a wage equation, only cumulative duration remains significant for men, while only frequency matters for women. For men, a one-month increase in the cumulative duration of displacement-initiated unemployment leads to a fall in wages by 0.4 percent. This finding is quite robust with respect to various sample restrictions and/or estimation methods. For women, approximately a 2.5 percent wage reduction is associated with an additional event of displacement.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.59-87
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• 2015

This study investigates the influence of human capital on wages of female marriage migrants in Korea using the 'National Survey on Multicultural Families 2012'. The results show that educational attainment has little influence on wages of female marriage migrants in Korea and that educational attainment in their origin country has positive influence on the labor market in Korea. However, work experiences in the origin country and duration in Korea are not significantly related to wages of female marriage migrants in Korea. The subgroup analyses by nationality find that the education wage premium is large in groups for Korean-Chinese women, other Asian countries and other countries. Among occupations, managers and professionals officers earn the highest wages in all groups. In addition, the manager and professional officer groups show the large education wage premium, especially among Chinese, Vietnamese and Korean-Chinese female marriage migrants.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.105-138
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• 2009

Although the decline in fertility rate is generally observed along the history of economic development throughout the world, the continuing decline hitting below the replacement level in Korea over the recent years gathered serious social concerns on the ground that it accelerates the process of population aging. The total fertility rate in Koreareached 2.08 in 1983, and gradually fell to the levels of 1.08 in 2005 and 1.26 in 2007. The policy debate over the role of the government has been focused mainly on the level of theoretical discussion without substantial basis on firm empirical evidence and the determinants of fertility. The objective of the paper is to empirically investigate the fertility effect of the female wage, which is understood as one of the most important determinants of fertility in Koreasince 1980 focusing on one aspect of fertility, namely birth spacing. Using the Korean National Fertility Survey conducted in 2006, I estimate a duration model of first and second births taking into account individual heterogeneity, which turned out to be an important factor to control for. Compared with previous studies in the literature on the Korean fertility, the study has an advantage of using the complete pregnancy history of women in a more representative sample. Unlike the previous studies, the analysis also deals with the endogeneity of marriage by treating a certain age, rather than age at marriage, as the time in which a woman becomes exposed to the risk of pregnancy. The study shares the common problem in the literature on birth spacing of lacking relevant wage information for respondents in a retrospective survey. I estimate the wage series as a function of the basic characteristics using the annual Wage Structure Survey from 1980 to 2005, which is considered as a nationally representative sample for wage information of employees. The results suggest that the increase in female wage by 10 percent leads to a decrease in second birth hazard by 0.56~0.92 percentage points and that the increase in spouse's wage by the equal amount is accompanied by the increase in second birth hazard by 0.36~1.13 percentage points. These estimates are more precisely estimated and of smaller magnitude than those presented by the previous studies. The results are robust to the different specifications of the wage equation. The simulation analysis based on the predicted values shows that about 17% of the change in the second birth hazard over the period 1980 to 2005 was due to the change in the female wage. Although there is some limitation in data, the results can be viewed as one estimate of the role of female wage on the recent fertility decline in Korea. The question raised by the paper is not a normative one of whether a government should promote childbearing but a positive one thatexplains fertility decline. Therefore, if there is a wide consensus on promoting childbearing, the finding suggests that the policies designed to reduce the opportunity cost of women in the labor market would be effective. The recent movement of implementing a wide range of family-friendly policies including child care support, maternity leave, parental leave and tax benefit in developed countries should be understood in this context.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.143-169
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• 2007

The major purpose of this study was to offer a comprehensive analysis of the changing trends and causes of poverty among urban wage earners' households from 1995 to 2005. In order to do that, this study used the micro data of "Income and Expenditure Survey of Urban Households" by the National Statistical Office(NSO) and GEE(Generalized estimating equation) regression model which is know as an appropriate method for the longitudinal and clustering data. The results show that (1) the numbers of poverty rate and poverty gap in recent years are even getting seriously worse than those in the IMF crisis. (2) Main characteristics of poor are female headed, old aged, low educated households, and having atypical working position. (3) Major determinants of poverty are also related to the variables as mentioned the above. (4) However, poverty reduction effect of public transfer increased preferably in recent years.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.41-53
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• 1986

The purpose of this paper is two-fold. One is to investigate the determinants of the demand supply of labor, and another is to project long-term demand and supply of labor. The paper consists of three parts. In the first part, theoretical models and important hypotheses are discussed: for the case of a labor supply model, issues regarding discouraged worker model, permanent wage hypothesis, and relative wage hypothesis are examined and for the case of a demand model, issues regarding estimating an employment demand equation within the framework of an inverted short-run produc- tion function are inspected. Particularly, a theoretical justification for introducing a demographic cohort variable in a labor supply equation is also investigated. In the second part, empirical results of the estimated supply and demand equations are analyzed. Supply equations are specified differently between primary and secondary labor force. That is, for the case of primary labor force groups including males aged 25 and over, attempts are made to explain the variations in participation behavior within the framework of a neo-classical economics oriented permanent wage hypothesis. On the other hand, for the case of females and young male labor force, variations in participation rates are explained in terms of a relative wage hypothesis. In other words, the participation behavior of primary labor force is related to short-rum business fluctuations, while that of secondary labor force is associated with intermediate swings of business cycles and demographic changes in the age structure of population. Some major findings arc summarized as follows. (1) For the case of males aged 14~19 and 2O~24 groups and females aged 14∼19, the effect of schhool enrollment rate is dominant and thus it plays a key role in explaining the recent declining trend of participation rates of these groups. (2) Except for females aged 20∼24, a demographic cohort variable, which captures the impact of changes in the age structure on participation behavior, turns out to show positive and significant coefficients for secondary labor force groups. (3) A cyclical variable produce significant coefficients for prime-age males and females reflecting that as compared to other groups the labor supply behavior of these groups is more closely related to short-run cyclical variations (4) The wage variable, which represents a labor-leisure trade-off turns out to yield significant coefficients only for older age groups (6O and over) for both males and females. This result reveals that unlike the experiences of other higer-income nations, the participation decision of the labor force of our nation is not highly sensitive with respect to wage changes. (5)The estimated result of the employment demand equation displays that given that the level of GNP remains constant the ability of the economy to absord labor force has been declining;that is, the elasticity of GNP with respect to labor absorption decreasre over time. In the third part, the results of long-term projections (for the period of 1986 and 1995) for age-sex specific participation rates are discussed. The participation rate of total males is anticipated to increase slightly, which is contrary to the recent trend of declining participation rates of this group. For the groups aged 25 and below, the participation rates are forecast to decline although the magnitude of decrease is likely to shrink. On the other hand, the participation rate of prime- age males (25 to 59 years old) is predicted to increase slightly during 1985 and 1990. For the case of females, except for 20∼24 and 25∼34 age groups, the participation rates are projected to decrease: the participation rates of 25∼34 age group is likely to remain at its current level, while the participation rate of 20∼24 age group is expected to increase considerably in the future (specifi- cally, from 55% in 1985 to 61% in 1990 and to 69% in 1995). In conclusion, while the number of an excess supply of labor will increase in absolute magnitude, its size as a ratio of total labor force is not likely to increase. However, the age composition of labor force is predicted to change; that is, the proportion of prime-age male and female labor force is projected to increase.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.1-32
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• 2002

This paper investigates how real wages adjust to regional and cyclical shocks in the Korean labor market. Major findings are as follows. First, like most longitudinal studies in this literature, we find that real wages are strongly procyclical and more procyclical for men than for women. Second, consistent with the theory prediction of efficiency wages, both permanent and transitory components of real wages are negatively correlated with the local unemployment rate. Third, when overall and local unemployment rates compete in a wage equation (our preferred specification), current wages are dominantly affected by the overall rate, and the effect of the local rate is rather small. This rejects the Blanchflower and Oswald's hypothesis that wages are primarily determined by local labor market conditions. Finally, no lagged effects on wages are detected in the overall or local unemployment rate.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.1-36
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• 2013

This study examines how the unobserved heterogeneity of workers, measured by residuals of the wage equation, affects the entry into self-employment using KLIPS 1998-2008. Following Joona and Wadensjo(2013), we treat the residuals as unobserved ability and find that both workers with higher and lower ability are more likely to become self-employed. However, this U-Shape relationship no longer holds when the sample is divided into males and females. The study also finds that the relationship between ability and entry into self-employment has changed over time, and that ability is positively associated with the performance of self-employed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.2
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• pp.316-324
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• 1996

This study was conducted by relative time study to identify the allowance time and basic work time, which is together composed of the total work time, in the wage composition and work process composition. This study was done for the case of a basic one person a group from thinning treatment for some conifer species such as Japanese red pine, Japanese larch, pitch pine and Korean pine. 1. In order to apply the Japanese allowance time of four species to the general conifer case, the maximum value of allowance time composition value among those of four species was selected. The results are as follows: delay time for person 1.8%, rest time 14.1%, delay time for machine 12.5% and wating time 0.4%. The some of ratios of adjustment allowance time is 28.8%. 2. Estimated wage basis time table, which can be used for wage table or process table, was prepared by adding up adjusted general allowance time and standard work time estimated by estimation equation for each species through the time study.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.78 no.4
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• pp.381-395
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• 1989

The main purpose of this research is to provide scientific informations about standard wage and performance tariffs in forest management with special reference to working time for thinning. To identify relationships between net working time and tree characteristics, three geographically different sample plots were established at Yangsan, Bongpyung and Jinan and 460 oaks, 372 Japanese larches, 232 red pine and 240 pitch pine mere selected at each sample plots. The results of statistical analysis using multiple regression are as follows ; 1. Five independent variables of breast height diameter(DBH), mid-diameter(MD) large end diameter(LD), log-length(L), No. of branches(NOB) were stable independent of worker and tree species. 2. Comparing correlation coefficient of five independent variables, the best predictive variables, breast height diameter and No. of branches, were selected. Breast height diameter and No. of branches were identified as the most important independent variables in terms of effect on the dependent variable of the working time. 3. Comparing coefficient of determination (Rp) and residual mean square (MSEp), the best Linear regression equation for each tree species was selected as follower : $WT=a+b1{\times}NOB+b2{\times}DBF$ 4. Proportion of hang-up time to total working time in thinning were 66% in oak stand, 74%, in Japanese larch stand, 55%, in red pine stand and 52% in pitch pine stand, respectively. 5. Based on the best regression equation, a table of working time was made by strata of number of branches and breast height diameter. 6. Total working time using the best regression equation in Table 5 can be predicted in terms of felling time, limbing time, hang-up time, i.e., total working time increases by 11 to 13 seconds with every 1 centimeter increase in breast height diameter from 7 to 16 centimeter.