• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.694-701
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• 2012

This study set put to measure the environmental radiation for mountainous regions of National Parks where Integrated Environmental Radiation Monitoring Network is not installed. For the measurement method, the space dose was classified at 1 meter high from the surface and the index dose at the surface. The measured radiation energy measured gamma, alpha and beta rays. For selection of national parks, we selected 10 national parks which are within the same distribution in the southern part and central part of the nation. For measurement equipment, INTERCEPTOR$^{TM}$(Thermo, USA, 2006) was used for gamma rays. As for the results of the measurements, for the space gamma dose, a high level was measured at a sea level of 500 meter in national parks with an altitude of less than 1,000 meter. It was found that the value was more than $0.23{\mu}Svh^{-1}$ especially in Bukhan Mountain, Gyeryong Mountain and Wolchul Mountain. In national parks with an altitude of more than 1,000 meter, $1.77{\mu}Svh^{-1}$ was measured at 1,500 meter at Seorak Mountain. Therefore, this is 10 times greater than the background standard dose. The national parks were there were no significant changes in dose were Naejang Mountain, Sobaek and Jiri Mountains. For the measurement of the index dose, a high dose level was measured at middle altitudes of 500 meter and 1,000 meter. For measurement according to the composition types of crust, high doses were recorded at national parks composed of rocks and a lower environmental radiation level was measured at Hanra Mountain where volcanic activities have occurred.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.669-676
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• 2018

As the Moon's scientific, technological, and economic value has increased, major space agencies around the world are leading lunar exploration projects by establishing a road map to develop lunar resources and to construct a lunar base. In addition, as the lunar base construction requires huge amounts of resources from the Earth, lunar in-situ construction technology is being developed to produce construction materials from local lunar resources. On the other hand, the characteristics of lunar topography and resources vary spatially due to the crustal and volcanic activities inside the Moon as well as the solar wind and meteorites from outside the Moon. Therefore, in this paper, the geospatial analysis of lunar resource distribution was conducted to suggest regional consideration factors to apply the lunar in situ construction technologies. In addition, the lunar topographic condition to select construction sites was suggested to ensure the safe landing of a lunar lander and the easy maneuvering of a rover. The lunar topographic and resource information mainly from lunar orbiters were limited to the lunar surface with a low spatial resolution. Rover-based lunar exploration in the near future is expected to provide valuable information to develop lunar in situ construction technology and select candidate sites for lunar base construction.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.42-58
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• 2001

In order to protect the environment from waste disposal activities, the prediction of the flux and flow paths of the contaminants from underground facilities should be assessed as accurately as possible. Especially, the prediction of the pathways and travel times of the nuclides from high level radioactive wastes in a deep repository to biosphere is one of the primary tasks for assessing the ultimate safety and performance of the repository. Since the contaminants are mainly transported with groundwater along the discontinuities developed within rock mass, the characteristics of groundwater flow through discontinuities is important for the prediction of contaminant fates as well as safety assessment of a repository. In this study, the actual fracture network could be effectively generated based on in situ data by separating geometric parameter and hydraulic parameter. The calculated anisotropic hydraulic conductivity was applied to a 3D porous medium model to calculate the path flow and travel time of the large studied area with the consideration of the complex topology in the area. Using the model, the pathways and travel times for groundwater were analyzed. From this study, it was concluded that the suggested techniques and procedures for predicting the pathways and travel times of groundwater from underground facilities to biosphere is acceptable and those can be applied to the safety assessment of a repository for radioactive wastes.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.143-152
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• 2021

The extremely isolated uninhabited island at the end of the West Sea in South Korea called "The Gyeokryeolbi Yeoldo" has recently begun to be managed by the government under the influence of public opinion demanding the island to be strictly protected. The island was created 70 million years ago by volcanic activities. So it is older than the birth history of Jeju Island, which is estimated to have been born about a million years ago. This study has focused on providing the basis for imagetelling and storytelling of the Gyeokryeolbi Yeoldo, known for its important value by exploring the cultural resources of the island. For the research, the ethnography including in-depth local interview and on-site investigation have been applied for 3 years from February 2018 to December 2020 in Taean, Chungnam Province, where the island is located. To analyze the cultural resources of this island, the resource classification model has been designed and used, which is modified from Valentine (2001) and Chi-ho Nam (2007). As a result, the "tangible cultural resources (TCR)" including various remains found on the island were mainly symbols of cultural bridge in the history of Korea-China exchange, and the spiritual land of life-saving. Also "intangible cultural resources (ICR)" extracted from the island were focused on the images of life protection, safety, bravery, and romance. Based on this study, the core concept of identity to be applied when refurbishing the island with a prominent cultural placeness( "sense of place") can be proposed as "a cultural ecological island centered on the Circular Yellow Sea that ruminates memories of love."

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.229-238
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• 2023

Bentonite is a type of rock that has been used as a traditional mineral medicine. It has a variety of pharmacological activities, and is used in traditional Korean medicine to treat jaundice, diarrhea, and hemostasis. In modern medicine, it is used as a raw material and additive for medicines such as antacids, gastrointestinal protective agents, and laxatives. Bentonite produced in Korea was produced through diagenesis or hydrothermal alteration of tertiary volcanic debris distributed in the Pohang and Gyeongju areas. It is mainly used for industrial purposes such as papermaking, paint, civil engineering, casting, and animal feed. Recently, technology is being developed to use it in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. In this study, the geochemical characteristics of bentonite were identified by analyzing the main components and trace elements of 40 and 21 types of bentonite produced in the Gampo Gyeongju and Yeonil Pohang area. Also it were classifed by formation envrionment of bentonite deposits in the Gampo and Yeonil. As a result of the study, bentonite from the reserch area may be cased by argillic alteraton that alkali elements are removed form basaltic rocks by hydrothermal fluids and AI-CCPI alteration indices wrere also indentified argillic alteraton. It was found that there is a correlation between the behavior characteristics of heavy metal elements (P b, Cr, As) and the hydrothermal alteration of bentonite in the reserch area.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.65-81
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• 2011

The landforms based on granite and basalt in Gosung, Gangwon province were analysed. Some part of this area experienced volcanic activities while most of the area was experiencing erosion of weathered mantle(saprolites) of mesoic granites during cenozoic period. Two different lithologies affect the mode of landscape evolution. The basalt covers the mountain tops as a 'cap rock' with flat surfaces. It shows relatively fresh rock surface with cliff or steep slops at the boundary with weathered granite. The blocks detached from the cliff accumulated at the foot of the cliff(talus) or moved and filled the valley(block streams). These debris slopes cover the deeply weathered granites. In the case of Oeum Mt. and Duibaekjae, the number of point of origin of the basalt flow is not clear. The orientation of blocks from block stream coincides with slope aspects and it can be assumed that the bolcks were moved by solifluction. The landscape change of the block streams are dominated by removal of weathered material from beneath of the valley rather than removal of bedrock blocks themselves.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 2000

In Kyeongsang basin, there were very dynamic magmatic activities, resulting to form volcanic and plutonic rocks. A plutonic recycle appeared in this region. Presumption of the pressure for hornblende-bearing granitic rock among the plutonic rocks, can support important informations for the emplacement depth of Cretaceous Bulgugsa granites in Kyeongsang basin. $Al^T$(Al total) contents of hornblende is related to the pressure, oxygen fugacity, and compositions of other minerals having the solid solution. So we apply the $Al^T$ content of hornblende to several empirical and experimental geobarometer systems to presume the pressure and to determine the emplacement depth of Cretaceous Bulgugsa granites in Kyeongsang basin from the inferred pressure. With the result that we applied the $Al^T$ contents of hornblende to the various geobarometers, there was a positive relationship between the pressure and $Al^T$. The minimum pressure value ranges from 0.73 to 1.70kbar in Kyeongju and the maximum value from 2.02 to 3.16kbar in Kimhae. And then the tectonic setting in Kyeongsang basin has no relation to the emplacement depth of Cretaceous granites and means variations with the movement of vertical component in each area. As we suppose that the density of earth's crust is $2.8g/cm^3$, the average values of the emplacement depth ranges in each area range from 2.6 to 11.4km. These data confirm the previous idea about the emplacement depth of Cretaceous granites in Kyeongsang basin, and these geobarometers using the $Al^T$ contents of hornblende is available though they have much limits. Therefore Cretaceous Bulgugsa granites in Kyeongsang basin was the shallow depth intrusive rut and the exposed granites was the shallow depth crust.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.313-328
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• 2013

Jurassic granitoids in the northeastern part of the Yeongnam Massif are possibly the result of intensive magmatic activities that occurred in response to subduction of the proto-Pacific plate beneath the northeast portion of the Eurasian plate. Geochemical studies on the granitic rocks are carried out in order to constrain the petrogenesis of the granitic magma and to establish the paleotectonic environment of the area. Whole rock chemical data of the Uljin granitoids in the northeastern part of the Yeongnam Massif indicate that all of the rocks have the characteristics of calcalkaline series in subalkaline field. The overall major element trends show systematic variations in each granitic body, but the source materials of each granitoids seem to have different chemical composition. The Uljin granitoids are different from other granitic rocks, which distributed vicinity of the study area, in the contents of $Al_2O_3$ and trace elements such as Cr, Co, Ni, Sr, Y and Nb. The Uljin granitoids have geochemical features similar to slab-derived adakites such as high $Al_2O_3$, Sr contents and high Sr/Y, La/Yb ratios, but they have low Y and Yb contents. The major ($SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$, MgO) and trace element (Sr, Y, La, Yb) contents of the Uljin granitoids fall well within the adakitic field. The Uljin granitoids have similar geochemical characteristics, paleotectonic environments and intrusion ages to those of the Yatsuo plutonic rocks of Hida belt located on northwestern part of Japan. Chondrite normalized REE patterns show generally enriched LREEs ($(La/Yb)_{CN}=10.6-103.4$) and are slight negative to flat Eu anomalies. On the ANK vs. A/CNK and tectonic discrimination diagrams, parental magma type of the granites corresponds to I-type and volcanic arc granite (VAG). Interpretations of the chemical characteristics of the granitic rocks favor their emplacement in a compressional tectonic regime at the continental margin during the subduction of Izanagi plate in Jurassic period.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.189-194
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• 2008

Middle-infrared (MIR) spectral region between 3.0 and $5.0\;{\mu}m$ in wavelength is useful for observing high temperature events such as volcanic activities and forest fire. However, atmospheric effects and sun irradiance in day time has not been well studied for this MIR spectral band. The objectives of this basic study is to evaluate atmospheric effects and eventually to estimate surface temperature from a single channel MIR image, although a typical approach utilize split-window method using more than two channels. Several parameters are involved for the correction including various atmospheric data and sun-irradiance at the area of interest. To evaluate the effect of sun irradiance, MODIS MIR images acquired in day and night times were used for comparison. Atmospheric parameters were modeled by MODTRAN, and applied to a radiative transfer model for estimating the sea surface temperature. MODIS Sea Surface Temperature algorithm based upon multi-channel observation was performed in comparison with results from the radiative transfer model from a single channel. Temperature difference of the two methods was $0.89{\pm}0.54^{\circ}C$ and $1.25{\pm}0.41^{\circ}C$ from the day-time and night-time images, respectively. It is also shown that the emissivity effect has by more largely influenced on the estimated temperature than atmospheric effects. Although the test results encourage using a single channel MR observation, it must be noted that the results were obtained from water body not from land surface. Because emissivity greatly varies on land, it is very difficult to retrieval land surface temperature from a single channel MIR data.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.217-223
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• 2010

This study was conducted to reclassify Dongsong series based on the second edition of Soil Taxonomy and to discuss the formation of Dongsong series distributed on the lava plain at Cheolweon in Korea. Morphological properties of typifying pedon of Dongsong series were investigated, and physico-chemical properties were analyzed according to Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual. The typifying pedon of Dongsong series has brown (7.5YR 4/2) silty clay loam Ap horizon (0-16 cm), brown (7.5YR 4/2) silty clay loam BA horizon (16-22 cm), brown (7.5YR 4/2) silty clay Bt1 horizon (22-50 cm), reddish brown (5YR 5/4) silty clay Bt2 horizon (50-92 cm), and brown (7.5YR 4/3) silty clay loam Bt3 horizon (92-120 cm). It occurs on lava plain derived from baslt materials. The typifying pedon has higher bulk density than 0.90 Mg $m^{-3}$. That can not be classified as Andisol. But it has an argillic horizon from a depth of 22 to more than 120 cm, and a base saturation (sum of cations) of less than 35% at 125 cm below the upper boundary of the argillic horizon. It can be classified as Ultisol, not as Andisol or Alfisol. It has aquic conditions for some time in normal years in one or more horizons within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface, redoximorphic features between a depth of 25 cm, and a depth of 40 cm from the mineral soil surface, and redox concentrations, and 50%or more redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less in the matrix within the upper 12.5 cm of the argillic horizon. Therefore it can be classified as Aquult. It has episaturation, and keys out as Epiaquult. It has 50% or more chroma of 3 or more in one or more horizons between a depth of 25 cm from the mineral soil surface, and a depth of 75 cm. It can be classified as Aeric Aquult. Dongsong series have 35%or more clay at the particle-size control section, and have mesic soil temperature regime. Therefore they can be classified as fine, mesic family of Aeric Epiaquults, not as fine, mesic family of Typic Epiaqualfs. The Quarternary volcanic activities occurred in Jeju Island, Ulrung Island, Baekryeong Island, Cheolweon area, and Mt. Paekdu et al. in the Korean Penninsula. Most of them belong to the central eruption type, but Cheolweon area may be of the fissure eruption type. Dongsong series occur on Cheolweon lava plains derived from basaltic materials. Most soils distributed in Jeju Island, and derived from mainly pyroclastics are developed as Andisols. But Dongsong series distributed in Cheolweon lava plains which have a relatively dry climate and derived from basaltic materials are developed as Ultisols.