• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.219-232
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• 2007

Odors from manures are a major problem for livestock production. The most significant odorous compounds in animal manure a.e volatile fatty acids(VFAs). This work reviews the VFAs from the anaerobic sequencing biofilm batch reactor(ASBBR), anaerobic sequencing batch reactor(ASBR), solid compost batch reactor(SCBR), and aerobic sequencing batch reactor(SBR) associated with the animal manure biological treatment. First, we describe and quantify VFAs from animal manure biological treatment and discuss biofiltration for odor control. Then we review certain fundamentals aspects about Anaerobic and aerobic SBR, composting of animal manure, manure compost biofilter for odorous VFAs control, SBR for nitrogen removal, and ASBR for animal wastewater treatment systems considered important for the resource recovery and air quality. Finally, we present an overview for the future needs and current experience of the biological systems engineering for animal manure management and odor control.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.294-300
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• 2005

Food waste can be a valuable carbon source in biological nutrient removal (BNR) systems because of high C/N and C/P ratios. However, food waste should be pretreated to promote its hydrolysis rate because hydrolysis reaction would be a rate-limiting step. This study investigates the influence of the enzymatic pretreatment on acid fermentation of food waste. Solubilization of particulate matter in food waste by using commercial enzymes was examined. The acidification efficiency and the volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production potential of enzymatically pretreated food waste were also examined. The highest volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction was obtained with an enzyme mixture ratio of 1:2:1 of carbohydrase:protease:lipase. An optimum enzyme dosage for solubilization of food waste was $0.1\%$(V/V) with the enzyme mixture ratio of 1:2:1. In the acid fermentation of enzymatically pretreated food waste, $0.1\%$(V/V) enzyme mixture dosage for pretreatment result in the maximum VFAs production and the best VFAs fraction in soluble COD(SCOD). The VFAs production at this addition level was 3.3 times higher than that of no-enzyme added fermenter. The dominant VFAs present was n-butyrate followed by acetate.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.183-189
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• 2004

The performance of a membrane-coupled anaerobic fermenter system for the recovery of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from liquid organic sludge was experimentally investigated. Permeation flux was stably kept around $0.2(m^3/m^2/day)$ during operational period. The membrane-coupled fermenter showed 2.2 times higher VFAs concentration and higher VFAs forming rate than those of fermenter without membrane. The fermenter with membrane proved to be an effective system for the recovery of soluble organic materials from liquid sludge.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.888-892
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• 1996

Anaerobic decomposition experiments were performed to know the effect of chemical composition and temperature for the production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from marine sinking particles. Sinking particles were obtained with sediment traps set in Aburatsubo Inlet, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, in February, May and August. Sinking particles collected in May were composed of higher fraction of chl. a than the other two months. February and May samples were used to perform the decomposition experiments. VFAs production rates were higher in May sample than February. The production rates increased with increase of incubation temperature, and order of production rates of four VFAs were acetate>n-butyrate>propionate>iso-butyrate at $10^{\circ}C\;and\;20^{\circ}C$. At $28^{\circ}C$, the production rate of propionate was higher than n-butyrate. Based on these results, it is considered that production of VFAs from sinking particles during anaerobic decomposition depends on the chemical composition and temperature.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.1693-1701
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• 2014

A rapid and simple method for the quantitative determination of volatile fatty acids (VFAs; propionic acid, n-butyric acid, i-valeric acid and n-valeric acid) and indoles (phenol, p-cresol, 4-ethyl phenol, indole and skatole) in pig slurry and dog excrement using solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography was evaluated. $50/30{\mu}m$ DVB/CAR/PDMS (Divinylbenzene/Carboxen/Polydimethylsiloxane) fiber was used to extract the target compounds in aqueous media. Sample amount and adsorption time was standardized for the routine analysis. Detection limits were from 0.11 to $0.15{\mu}gL$ for VFAs and from 0.12 to $0.28{\mu}gL$ for indoles and the correlations observed ($R^2$) were 0.975~1.000. This method was applied to the pig slurry, fertilizer, compost and dog excrement. In nearly all cases, the indoles were detected in concentrations of higher than their limits of detection (DOLs). But the VFAs in swine manure were below their DOLs.

• 청정기술
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.148-155
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 거대 갈조류 대표종인 다시마(Saccharina japonica)로부터 물리화학적 전처리 방법, 미생물 접종비율, 다시마 추출물의 농도 및 pH 조건에 따른 휘발성 유기산(volatile fatty acids, VFAs) 생산 가능성 확인과 생산 효율을 평가하고자 하였다. 물리화학적 전처리 방법에 따른 휘발성 유기산의 최대 농도는 황산, 아임계수, 지질 추출 후 아임계수 전처리 순으로 나타났다. 황산 전처리 방법에서 미생물 접종비율(유효용적(WV)/미생물 부피(M) = 10~30), pH (6.0~7.0) 및 다시마 추출물의 농도(18.0~72.0 g/L)의 혐기성 발효 조건에 따른 휘발성 유기산 생성 농도에 미치는 영향을 확인한 결과, 발효 온도 $35^{\circ}C$, 미생물 접종비율 15, pH 7.0, 발효시간 372시간에서 다시마 추출물의 농도가 18.0, 36.0, 54.0, 72.0 g/L일 때, 휘발성 유기산의 최대 농도가 각각 9.8, 13.9, 18.6, 22.3 g/L로 확인되었다. 생산된 휘발성 유기산의 조성은 pH가 높을수록 아세트산과 프로피온산의 생산 비율이 높았으며, pH가 낮을수록 부티르산의 비율이 높게 확인되었다. 생산된 저농도의 휘발성 유기산은 농축 및 분리공정과 연계하여 향후 기초화학 원료와 바이오연료 등으로 사용될 수 있으므로, 기존 화석연료의 대체에너지 생산에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.115-123
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the removal effect of malodorous substances of piggery wastes by air injection. With 7% of TS weight of artificial piggery wastes, this study focused on the changes of the concentration of VFAs, H2S during treatment period of 14 days. As a results of this study, air injection volume for removal of malodorants in this study was 150$m\ell$ / min$.$l$.$Under this condition, we found the concentrations of VFAs, H2S, NH3 have very high relationship with the pH, ORP, BOD, {{{{ { NH}`_{4 } ^{+ } }}-N. Especially, the concentration of Volatile Fatty Acids, one of most offensive odorants and one of BOD compounds were depended on ORP which can be controled by air injection in artificial piggery wastes.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.819-824
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of chemical additives on total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and total volatile fatty acids (total VFAs) in hanwoo slurry. The treatments in this study were ferrous sulfate, alum, and aluminum chloride, and applied at the rate of 0, 0.5, and 1.0 g/25 g of hanwoo slurry. All of the chemical treatments significantly lowered TP (11 to 53% of the untreated control), SRP (41 to 99.9% of the untreated control), and total VFAs (22 to 48.5% of the untreated control) by reducing hanwoo slurry pH (3.42 to 6.86). Among these chemical amendments, addition of 0.5 g ferrous sulfate, alum, and aluminum chloride to hanwoo slurry were the best results evaluated on farms with respect to reducing negative environmental impacts. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the use of chemical amendments should be considered in the development of best management practices (BMPs) for the hanwoo industries.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.13-20
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• 1998

고농도 유기폐수인 양돈 폐수에 광합성 미생물(Rhodospirillum rubrum N-1)을 접종하고 여기에 공기를 160 mL/min 주입함으로써 양돈분뇨의 악취제거 효과를 조사하였다. 7일 동안 1일 간격으로 이화학적 변화를 검토하였다. 검토 결과 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 20,000ppm인 양돈폐수의 경우 호기적 조건과, Rhodospirillum rubrum N-1 접종한 경우 volatile fatty acids(VFAs)의 제거율이 87.0%였으며, BOD제거율 54.6%, $PO_4-P$는 54.5%의 감소를 보였고, PH, $NH_3$ 등은 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. T-N, T-P, $NO_3-N$, $NO_2-N$, $H_2S-N$, mercaptane 등은 별다른 증감율을 보이지 않고 일정하게 나타났다.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.538-543
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• 2006

A packed bed reactor (PBR) was fed with nitrate containing synthetic wastewater or effluent from a sequencing batch reactor used for nitrification. The C source introduced into the PBR consisted of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) produced from anaerobic acidogenesis of food wastes. When nitrate loading rates ranged from $0.50\;to\;1.01\;kg\;N/m^{3}{\cdot}d$, the PBR exhibited $100{\sim}98.8%\;NO_{3}^{-}-N$ removal efficiencies and nitrite concentrations in the effluent ranged from $0\;to\;0.6\;NO_{2}^{-}-N\;mg/L$. When the PBR was further investigated to determine nitrate removal activity along the bed height using a nitrate loading rate less than $1.01\;kg\;N/m^{3}{\cdot}d$, 100% nitrate removal efficiency was observed. Approximately 83.2% nitrate removal efficiency was observed in the lower 50% of the packed-bed height. When reactor performance at a C/N ratio of 4 and a C/N ratio of 5 was compared, the PBR showed better removal efficiency (96.5%) of nitrate and less nitrite concentration in the effluent at the C/N ratio of 5. VFAs were found to be a good alternative to methanol as a carbon source for denitrification of a municipal wastewater containing 40 mg-N/L.