• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.600-607
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• 2005

This study was conducted to prepare high quality grape seed oils by solvent extraction and chemical refining process. Additionally, quantitative analysis of several functional components in grope seed was carried out to compare quality characteristics of grape seeds from grapes grown by conventional and organic agricultural practices. There are no significant differences in several functional constituents of grape seeds between conventionally cultivated- and organically cultivated-grapes, although some functional compositions of grape seeds are different between two cultivation methods. The dried grape seed was pretreated with roasting heating for 5 min, milled and then extracted twice with n-hexane under reflux at $50^{\circ}C$ for overnight, followed by filtration and evaporation. The crude grape seed oil was successively purified by degumming with $0.1\%\;H_3PO_4$, deaciding with $20\%\;NaOH$, and then decoloring and deodorization by a steam distillation, and thereby producing purified grape seed oil(yield: $5.0\%/dried$ grape seed). Physicochemical characteristics of the purified grape seed oil were comparable to those of the imported grape seed oils.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.220-225
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• 2019

During the year 2018, the symptoms of bunch rot on Shine Muscat (Vitis vinifera L.) were observed in Kimcheon-si, Gyeongbuk province in Korea. The disease appears on the Shine Muscat as a black rot due to prolific fungal sporulation after it has invaded into the Shine Muscat which look completely empty and dryness. Colonies of these fungi are present on the Shine Muscat skin from fruit setting and increase in amount from early season to harvest, while become peak at ripening stage. To isolate the causal agent, small fragments (2 to 3 mm) of decayed tissue from the lesion margin were placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates. Fungal colonies on PDA produced dense white aerial mycelium and then covered with dark black conidial heads. These heads were large and radiate, and vesicles were globose (2.12-32.0×2.0-3.1 ㎛). Based on morphological and cultural characteristics, this fungus was identified as Aspergillus tubingensis. To confirm its identity, the internal transcribed spacer, β-tubulin, and RNA polymerase II was sequenced for molecular identification. BLAST search indicated 99% identity with A. tubingensis. The pathogenicity test on healthy grape of Shine Muscat produced bunch rot, as the original symptoms. To select effective fungicides for the control of brunch rot, an in vitro antifungal activity of seven fungicides were evaluated against the growth of A. tubingensis. Five fungicides (dipenoconazole, tebuconazole, metconazole, iminoctadine, and captan) exhibited significantly strong suppression of the mycelial growth of A. tubingensis.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.561-571
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• 2017

Prospecting of local grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) germplasm revealed that Tunisia possesses a rich patrimony which presents diversified organoleptic characteristics. However, viral diseases seriously affect all local grapevine cultivars which risk a complete extinction. Sanitation programs need to be established to preserve and exploit, as a gene pool, the Tunisian vineyards areas. The presence of the Grapevine leafroll associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3), Grapevine stem pitting associated virus (GRSPaV) and Grapevine virus A (GVA), were confirmed in a Tunisian grapevine cultivar using serological and molecular analyses. The association between GRSPaV and GVA viruses induces more rugose wood symptoms and damages. For this reason the cleansing of the infected cultivar is highly advisable. Direct and recurrent somatic embryos of cv. 'Hencha' were successfully induced from filament, when cultured on $Ch{\acute{e}}e$and Pool (1987). based-medium, enriched with $2mg1^{-1}$ of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and $2.5mg1^{-1}$ of Thidiazuron, after 36 weeks of culture. After six months of acclimatization, RT-PCR carried on 50 somaplants confirmed the absence of GVA, GRSPaV as well as GLRaV-3 viruses in all somaplants. Ampelographic analysis, based on eight OIV descriptors, was carried out on two years acclimated somaplants, compared to the mother plant. Results demonstrated that the shape and contours of 46 somaclones leaves are identical to mother plant leaves and four phenotypically off-type plants were observed. The healthy state of 100% 'Hencha' somaclones and the high percentage of phenotypically true-to-type plants demonstrate that somatic embryogenesis is a promising technique to adopt for grapevine viruses elimination.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 2006

Flavanone 3$\beta$-hydroxylase (FHT) is an enzyme acting in the central part of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. FHT catalyses the hydroxylation of flavanone to dihydroflavonols in the anthocyanin pathway. In this paper we describe the cloning and expression of the genes encoding the flavonoid-biosynthetic enzyme FHT in Gypsophila paniculata L. A heterologous cDHA probe from Dianthus cavophyllus was used to isolate FHT-encoding cDHA clones from Gypsophila paniculata L.. Inspection of the 1471 bp long sequence revealed an open reading frame 1047 bp, including a 190 bp 5' leader region and 288 bp 3' untranslated region. Comparison of the coding region of this FHT cDHA sequence including the sequences of Arabidopsis thaliana, Citrus sinensis, Dianthus caryophyllus, Ipomoea batatas, Matthiola incana, Nierembergia sp, Petunia hybrida, Solanum tuberosum, Vitis vinifera reveals a identity higher than 69% at the nucleotide level. The function of this nucleotide sequences were verified by comparison with amino acid sequences of the amino-terminus and tryptic peptides from purified plant enzyme, by northern blotting with mRHA from wild type and mutant plants, by in vitro expression yielding and enzymatically active hydroxylase, as indicated by the small dihydrokaempferol peak. Genomic southern blot analysis showed the presence of only one gene for FHT in Gypsophila paniculata.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 2008

In order to discern the development of technology in creating, properly managing, and characterizing the types used in facade greening, this article examines the instances of facade greening of Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey which is not only located in the latitude similar to South Korea's but also influenced by the both continental and oceanic climate. The study was carried out for 11 months from October 2002 to September 2003. The total 242 places were researched and they were 83 sites in Athens, 77 sites in Istanbul, and 82 sites in Sofia. Varieties, usage, configuration, foundation and characteristics of plants were studied. The goals of greening, and building's surface roughness and thickness, direction of the wall were also researched. The result of survey are as follows; 17 families and 33 species of climbing plants were found in Athens, Istanbul, and Sofia. Thickness of facade greening in the three cities is 46cm in Athens, 39cm in Istanbul, and 53cm in Sofia. The possible facade greening size per a climbing plant, Parthenocissus tricupidata takes up the largest portion of the wall in the three cities similarly followed by Vitis vinifera and Wistaria spp. By its diversity it can be assumed that these plants are most practical for large scale of facade greening and full covering. Evergreen climbing plants such as Hedera helix and Ficus niponica are useful plants for relatively large scale of facade greening area. In the facade greening types, the climbing type is the most dominant in the three cities and most of the climbing type was planted on the natural foundation but the hanging and combination types were planted on an artificial foundation located on the balcony or on the roof of the building. In the directions of the walls for facade greening, the west direction are most popular which is for the improvement of sun shading in summer season. In Sofia the apartments were most applied with facade greening but In Istanbul and Athens the residential buildings and the public buildings were adapted with facade greening actively as well as residential building. The purpose of lowering summer heat took up the highest portion followed by the purpose of ornamentation and maintaining privacy in all surveyed cities.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.295-301
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• 2005

Effects of leucocyanidins on the level of serum lipids and lipid peroxidation was investigated in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxine(TCDD)-induced rat that were pretreated with leucocyanidins for 4 weeks. The rats were divided into five experimental groups that is leucocyanidins and low TCDD treated group(LTL, 0.1 ${\mu}\;g/kg$ TCDD), leucocyanidins treated high TCDD group(LTH, 10 ${\mu}\;g/kg$ TCDD), No leucocyanidins and low TCDD treated group(NTL, 0.1 ${\mu}\;g/kg$ TCDD) and no leucocyanidins and high TCDD treated group(NTL, 10 ${\mu}\;g/kg$ TCDD). Serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride level were significantly decreased and HDL-cholesterol level significantly increased in leucocyanidins treated group. Serum MDA level was also significantly reduced in leucocyanidins treated group. These results suggest that pre-supplement of leucocyanidins prevented the degree of lipid peroxidation on TCDD induced rat.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.239-248
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• 2004

This experiment was carried out to confirm that phytochrome regulates anthocyanin bio-synthesis during cell suspension culture system of grape or not. In suspension culture of grape, maximum accumulation of anthocyanin was observed at the stationary phase under continuous white light condition. From mono-chromatic light interruption for 24h at the 4th or 7th day on the suspension cultured cells, the anthocyanin accumulation was highly enhanced at the light interruption at 7th day than 4th day under all monochromatic light treatment. However, the cell growth patterns were not affected by any light treatment. In the darkness, the anthocyanin synthesis was very low but remarkably increased by blue light or red light irradiation. However, the increase of anthocyanin accumulation by blue or red light was suppressed by far-red light in the suspension cells of grape. This suppression by far-red light on the anthocyanin synthesis also observed on the cells treated red or far-red light alternatively. These results implied that phytochrome regulation system may be involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis of the suspension grape cells. By RNA expression analysis, chalcone synthase (CHS) gene was expressed highly by blue and red light but low by far-red light. The synergistic increase of CHS gene expression was also observed at the treatment of blue light followed by red for 24h. This result may explain the increase of anthocyanin accumulation in B/R treatment. Although the expression of phytochrome gene (PHYA or PHYB) was not highly increased by all light treatment (blue, red, and far-red light) the expression of both PHYA gene and PHYB gene was increased a little in cells treated red or far-red light. In grape suspension cells, the red light enhanced the anthocyanin synthesis, whereas the far-red light was suppressed. Although it was not confirmed whether or not phytochrome gene is activated in anthocyanin accumulating grape cells, we believed that anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape cells may be regulated under phytochrome signal transduction system.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2015

The present study was aimed to predict the pre-harvest residue limits (PHRLs) of pyrimethanil (fungicide) and methoxyfenozide (insecticide) in grape, and to estimate their biological half-lives and residual characteristics. The pesticides were sprayed once on grape in two different fields 10 days before harvest. At the end of 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after application, samples were harvested for further analysis. The residual pesticides were extracted with acetonitrile and partitioned with dichloromethane, and the high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC/DAD) was employed for the residue analysis. The results obtained in the present study show that the limit of detection of both pesticides were found to be $0.01mg\;kg^{-1}$. The recoveries of these pesticides were ranged between 80.6% and 102.5% with coefficient of variation lower than 10%. The biological half-lives of both pesticides were observed in field 1 and field 2 which shows 7.7 and 7.4 days for pyrimethanil and 5.1 and 6.1 days for methoxyfenozide, respectively. Further, the PHRL of pyrimethanil and methoxyfenozide was found to be $8.90mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $5.51mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively at 10 days before harvest. Consequently, the present study suggests that the residual amounts of both pesticides will be lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) when grape is harvested.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.134-147
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is, focusing on the ancient paintings and literatures, by examining Flowering Plants and drawing their cultivating methods, to provide a ground of utilizing them on the modern landscaping. In the scope and method of this study, 766 pieces of ancient paintings(6 garden paintings and 760 folk paintings) which were available and had value as literatures, and 8 of ancient literatures were intensively examined. Main results extracted from them are as follows. First, the most frequently used Flowering Plants in Joseon Dynasty were Prunus mume, pbyllostachys, Nelumbo nucifera, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Musa basjoo, Rosa spp., Rhododendron mucronulatum, Paeonia lactiflora, which appeared 11 times to 16 times in total. Next frequently(4 times to 8 times) used Flowering Plants were Gardenia jasminoides, Punica granatum(8 times), Dianthus chinensis, Vitis vinifera(7 times), Orchidaceae, Syringa velutina, Impatiens balsamina, Hemerocallis fulva, Celosia cristata, Hibiscus Syriacus, Rhododendron indicum(6 times), Rhododendron, Rhododendron obutusum, Acorus calamus, Althaea rosea, Kerria japonica, Citrus junos(5 times), Hibiscus mutabilis, Lychnis cognata, Calendula officnalis, Begonia rex., Helianthus annuus, Papaver spp., Narcissus tazetta, Daphne odora, Hosta plantaginea(4 times). Second, usage of the Flowering Plants in Joseon Dynasty can be divided into character building and horticulture for pleasure through positive, scientific approach attempt. It suggests that there might have been classes in the use of them and we can estimate which plants were particularly preferred. Third, in the symbolicity of the usage of Flowering Plants, it can be divided into three parts: The case of representing integrity, gentleman, honesty and nobility and the thought of loyalty and filial piety under the influence of Confucianism. The case of representing Taoism's thought of hermit and perennial youth and long life. The case of representing wish on wealth and prosperity. So if we make a good use of it, we may draw a meaning of cultivation of Flowering Plants from it. This is your target audience or the good luck to all he plants is aimed at, you can see the occurred. Fourth, the Joseon Dynasty was the use of flowering plants are the line of rain wanted to be more consistent with the spirit world. This is shown as a symbol of their ancestors. Joseon Dynasty was used, resulting in a kind of flowering plant and is not a subjective judgement criteria A psychological approach to the side when interpreting the Joseon Dynasty flowering plants to take advantage of the landscape of the area will widen in scope.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2012

To explore on the defense strategies against hervivory of 67 broadleaved tree species, morphological characteristics of the leaf, leaf domatia structure and the number, herbivores insects and mites on the leaves, collected from the trees growing in Taean-gun, Chuncheongnam-do were investigated. 46 broadleaved tree species(68.7%) had the domatia structures, and 21 species including Quercus salicina and Magnolia grandiflora did not. 31 species including Juglans mandshurica and Carpinus laxiflora reveals tuft type, 12 species including Quercus dentata and Corylus heterophylla reveals pocket+tuft type, and 2 species, Sorbus alnifolia and Prunus yedoensis does pocket type, and Viburnum odoratissimum var. awabuki does pouch type. Domatia number per leaf proves the highest figures, 23.4/leaf for Quercus dentata. Plant defense strategies using leaf lower-surface trichomes of Magnolia grandiflora reveals dense villous, those of Populus alba and Vitis vinifera reveals dense pilose, that of Elaeagnus umbellata does dense scaly hairs, that of Pueraria lobata does dense strigose. Plant defense strategies using extrafloral nectaries were adapted 23 tree species(34.3%). Observed examples are Prunus tomentosa, Ficus carica, Viburnum dilatatum and Carpinus laxiflora. Predatory mites were observed on the leaves of 40 tree species(59.7%), and mean values of predatory mites was highest values 23.4/leaf in Quercus dentata. Minute arthropods destroying the leaf of broadleaved trees. are such as Periphyllus californiensis, P. viridis, Diaspididae sp., gall mites, thrips, and total numbers observed were odered gall mites, Diaspididae sp., aphids and thrips. Natural enemies of these hervivores arthropods are such as predatory mites, Chilocorus rubidus, Coccinella septempunctata and the nymph, Aphidius ervi. These results indicate that defense strategies including protective mutualisms may be frequent in the temperate broadleave trees.