• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.411.2-411.2
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• 2002

In order to develope an optimum formulation for iontophoretic delivery of vitamine-C-2 phosphate. we have prepared 3 different formulations using hydrophilic polymers, such as poloxamer, carbo pol and HPMC and iontophoretic flux through skin from these hydrogel formulations was carried out. The effect of current density, drug concentration and current profile on flux was investigated. In-vitro flux study was performed at 36.5$^{\circ}C$, using side-by-side diffusion cell. Full-thickness hairless mouse skin was used for this work. (omitted)

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.159-166
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• 2007

In order to develop an optimum formulation for iontophoretic delivery of vitamine C-2-phosphate (VCP) from Carbopol hydrogel, we have investigated various factors which can affect the iontophoretic flux through skin. Such factors as drug concentration, current density, current profile, current duration, ionic strength, pH and percutaneous enhancers (ethanol, glycerine, propylene glycerol, sorbitol, urea) were studied. Compared to the flux by passive or anodal delivery, the flux by cathodal delivery increased markedly, and thus, only cathodal delivery was used in the rest of the flux experiments. Flux increased linearly as the drug concentration and current density increased. As the duration of current application increased from 30 min to 120 min, flux increased linearly, however the AUC was not directly proportional to the applied amount of current. Flux also increased as the pH increased, possibly due to the increase in ionization of phosphate group. As the ionic strength increased, flux decreased. No significant increase in flux was observed after enhancer application, indicating that the effect of current on flux is dominating over the effect of percutaneous enhancers (P>0.05). These results provide important informations that are needed for optimal formulation of iontophortic delivery for VCP.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.201-207
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• 2004

In order to develop an optimum formulation for iontophoretic flux of vitamine C 2-phosphate (VCP), we have prepared three different hydrogels containing VCP, using carbopol, HPMC and poloxamer, and iontophoretic flux through hairless mouse skin from these hydrogels was carried out. Drug stability in phosphate buffer (PBS) solution (pH 7.4) with and without current application was studied. The effect of various factors, such as drug concentration, current density, and current profile on skin flux was also investigated. Stability study indicated that VCP in PBS (pH 7.4) solution was stable under the experimental condition, irrespective of the presence of current. Cathodal delivery increased the flux markedly, whereas the anodal and passive flux was negligible. Thus, cathodal delivery was used in all experiments. Flux increased as the drug concentration (2.5, 5.0, 7.5%) and current density $(0.2,\;0.4,\;0.6\;mA/cm^2)$ increased. Pulsed application of the current showed lower flux than constant current application. The results obtained suggest that VCP can be delivered into the skin and the amount delivered can be controlled by varying hydrogel, current density, drug concentration and current application profile.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.167-172
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• 1969

Total amount of Calories and protein intakes of fishing villagers show higher level than those of farming and mountain villagers, however, the proportion of animal protein (meat protein) in total amount of protein intakes of mountain villagers is much lesser than those of other two villagers. Blood specific gravity, serum protein content and serum tryptophan content were low in inhabitants of mountainous area than those of other two villagers, and in the serum protein fractions, the Albumin Globulin ratio (A/G ratio) show also lower value in inhabitants of mountainous area than those of other two villagers. It is interesting result that serum tryptophan content (serum protein tryptophan) presented a significant positive correlation with that of serum gamma globulin and a significant negative correlation with that of serum albumin. The fact of farming villagers under twenty year old female showing plasma vitamine deficiency phenomenon, however, the plasma carotene value show higher level indicates that the most of the plasma carotene being hardly transfered to the plasma vitamine A in blood. The thiamine value in urine of mountain villagers show higher level than others, it indicates that there is correlation between their poor protein intakes and amount of thiamine ia urine. And the data obtained in the present study could be established by the result of animal experiment reported by Koyanagi et al. and the result of previous paper of auther.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.9-22
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• 1993

To evaluate the protective effects of calcium antagonists, oxygen radical scavengers and excitatory amino acid (EAA) antagonist on the ischemic brain damage, we induced in vitro ischemic condition (namely, lack of oxygen and glucose) to rat hippocampal slices. And the degree of ischemic damage was determined by assaying changes in biochemical parameters such as ATP content and lactate ralease, MDA production in the presence or absence of the various drugs. During experimental ischemia for up to 60 min, ATP content was decreased and the amount of lactate release was markedly increased time-dependently. By changing the reaction medium which contained oxygen and glucose those biochemical parameters were recovered. But the recovery was not complete in this experimental condition. In the same ischemic conditions verapamil and vitamine E prevented the decrease of ATP content and the increase of lactate release from the slices. And verapamil and diltiazem decreased MDA release to the reaction medium. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and MK-801 (as EAA receptor antagonist) protected the decrease of ATP content and reduced MDA release in 20 min ischemic condition, but glutathione affected ATP content and lactate release at the same condition. When oxygen and glucose were resupplied for 20 min after ischemic condition, verapamil showed the protective effect on the changes of ATP content and lactate release, and vitamine E decreased lactate release (at 20 min ischemia) and MDA release (at 60 min ischemia). These results showed that calcium antagonist and vitamine E protect the ischemic biochemical changes from rat hippocampal slices and calcium antagonist is more potent than vitamine E to protect the ischemical brain damege.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.368-377
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate determining factors which influence the riboflavin and pyridoxin nutritional status of korean newborns. The riboflavin and pyridoxine nutriture were evaluated by measuring the enzymecoenzyme saturation kinetics of erythrocyte glutathione reductase and alanine aminotransferase. The subjects were 259 newborns and their mothers. The average activity coefficent values of the cord blood EALAT was 1.4$\pm$0.11 and 32% of the samples had EALATAC values greater than 1.25. EGRAC was 1.26$\pm$0.12 and 27.4 of the blood samples had EALATAC values greater than 1.25. Vitamine B6 nutrition of the newborns whose mothers consumed more energy, protein and vitamine B6 was better as cord blood EALATAC values were found to the lower in this group. A stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that birth length and mother's age significantly influenced EGRAC values, positive and negative ways, respectively.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.94-98
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• 1973

1. Tomato variety used was Bogsu No. 2 and it was grown in field. Experiments were conducted in 1971 and 1972 to examine the changes of $CO_2$ product on in each growth-period and the contents of acid, sugar and vitamine C during storage. 2. By controlled atmospheric pressure the effects of respirationreduction in tomato fruits were the most effective at 660 Torr. part. 3. $CO_2$ production of tomato fruits harvested at each growth-period was differently changed at each growth-period and $CO_2$ production in tomato fruit at the same maturity from the plant showed Sigmoid type. 4. $CO_2$ production of tomato fruits harvested at the same ripeness score was in influenced by controlled atmospheric pressure during growth period and $CO_2$ production was reduced at SAP part compared with NAP part during the full growth-period. 5. The change of weight in tomato fruits was decreased in NAP part than in SAP part during storage and contents of acid, sugar, and vitamine C showed the same tendency.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.35 no.4 s.139
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• pp.357-363
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• 2004

Flavonoids are class of polyphenolic compounds widely distributed in the plant kingdom, which display a variety of biological activities, including antiviral, antithrombotic, antiiflammatory, antihistaminic, antioxidant and free-radical scavenging abilities. To determined flavonoid, myricetin in the presence of other antioxidants - vitamin C and vitamin E - can exert antioxidative properties not only directly by modulating the AOE system but also scavenging free radical, we investigated cell viability, antioxidant enzyme activities and ROS level in B16F10 murine melanoma cell. B16F10 cells were exposed to medium containing myricetin in the presence or absence of vitamin C or vitamin E for a period of 24 hr. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. In co-treating myricetin with other antioxidants, CAT activities were increased, compared with control, but SOD and GPx activities were decreased, compared with each antioxidant treated groups . In the group of myricetin or myricetin present with other antioxidants, ROS levels were decreased dose-dependently. Especially, myricetin present of other antioxidants were decreased compared with myricetin.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.64-67
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the possible determination of total phenolic compounds by Folin-Denis method from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and their extraction conditions. It was possible to apply the method for determination of total phenolic compounds from Korean red ginseng. But 3 kinds of amino acids such as tyrosine, cystein and tryptophan, and 3 kinds of vitamins such as ascorbic acid, pyridoxin HCI and thiamine HCI affected strongly the colorization by the method. Effective alcoholic solvent for the extraction was 60% ethanol, appropriate extraction temperature, time and times were 40-80。C, 1-2 hours and 3 times, respectively.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.259-266
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• 2000

Vitamin A palmitate, an oily drug which has low chemical stability and is poorly absorbed in the intestine, was formulated into a novel powdered dosage form. This is designated as a redispersible dry emulsion by freeze-drying technique. Before preparing a dry emulsion, vitamin A palmitate oil in solid in water (O/S/W) emulsion with soybean oil and coconut oil using Aerosil 200 as an emulsion stabilizer and polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene-blockcopolymer (Pluronic F68) as a surfactant was prepared. The resultants of the stability tests indicated that vitamin A palmitate O/S/W emulsion was improved on increasing the oil content of the formulation. The resultant dry emulsion particles have a good stabilities and free flow properties and readily released the oily droplets to form stable emulsions on rehydration. The drug releasing property from the resultant dry emulsion particles was dependent on factors such as amount of oily carrier(soybean oil) and surfactant(Pluronic F68) formulated. Above 80% of vitamin A palmitate content was released from the dry emulsion for 1 hour. It was deduced that vitamin A palmitate dry emulsion was definitely suitable for oral administration, since small droplets of vitamine A palmitate from the dry emulsion may alter the drug absorption profile resulting in bioavailability enhancement.