• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.133-142
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• 1993

Vitamin B6(pyridoxine, pyridoxamine. and pyridoxal) is a dietary requirement in relatively small quantities for growth, health, and function in animals and fish. The metabolically active B6 is pyridoxal-5-phosphate(PLP). It does function as a coenzyme in number of enzymes(PLP-dependent enzymes) in which amino acids are metabolized, including decarboxylases, aminotransferases, sulfhydrases, tryptophanase, and hydroxylases. Vitamin B6 requirement is higher for fish because fish are fed much higher protein diet than land animals. B6 is also involved in metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids and essential for the synthesis of heme and serotonin. Deficiency signs in fish develop quickly, in cluding nervous disorders, convulsions, poor swimming coordination, skin lesions, edema, exophthalmos, and tetany. The conversion of vitamin B6 to metabolically active form(PLP) is catalyzed by pyridoxal kinase and pridoxine(pyridoxamine) oxidase. In this review, we summarized in detail the enzymatic studies on vitamin B6 metabolism and about the mechanisms and properties of a PLP-dependent enzyme.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.488-494
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• 2013

A food allergy is an adverse health effect arising from a specific immune response that occurs reproducibly upon exposure to a given food. In those with food allergies that are thought to cause aggravation of eczema, food avoidance is important. The objective of this study was to research the nutritional status of patients with food allergies. A total of 225 subjects diagnosed with atopic dermatitis underwent a skin prick test as well as measurement of serum immunoglobulin E. Food challenge tests were conducted using seven food items: milk, eggs, wheat, soybeans, beef, pork, and chicken. At post-food challenge visits to the test clinic, participants completed a three-day dietary record, which included two week days and one weekend day, in order to evaluate energy intake and diet quality during the challenge. We analyzed nutrient intake based on differential food allergens. Subjects with a food allergy to milk showed lower intake of Ca, Zn, and vitamin B2, and subjects with a food allergy to egg showed lower intake of vitamin A, B1, B2, niacin, and cholesterol. Subjects with a food allergy to wheat and soybean showed lower intake of Ca, P, Fe, K, Zn, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, and niacin; and subjects with a food allergy to beef, pork, and chicken showed lower intake of Fe and higher intake of K, vitamin A, B2. Subjects with atopic dermatitis were lacking in several nutrients, including vitamin A and vitamin C. A greater number of food allergies showed an association with a greater number of nutrient intake deficiencies. Allergen avoidance is the basic treatment for atopic dermatitis. However, when the allergen is food, excessive restriction can lead to nutrition deficiency. Findings of this study suggest the necessity for enhanced nutritional education in order to provide substitute foods for patients with food allergies who practice food restriction.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.155-160
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• 2000

Testosterone deficiency increased bone resorption, giving rise to osteoporosis. Testosterone deficiency also increased lipid peroxidation and free radical formation. Free radicals have been shown to be toxic to osteoblasts as well as to activate osteoclasts. In this study, the effects of giving an antioxidant, i.e. vitamin E-rich extract from palm oil on bone mineral density and calcium content was studied. Palm vitamin E prevented the loss in bone mineral density due to orchidectomy, seen in the whole femur, proximal amd midshaft regions, as well as L4 vertebra. Similar observations were seen in bone calcium content of the L5 vertebra. Giving palm olein also prevented the loss in bone mineral density in the femoral midshaft and L4 vertebra; and bone calcium content in the L5 vertebra. In conclusion, vitamin E-rich extract from palm oil was effective in preventing the loss in bone mineral density and calcium content of orchidectomized male rats. This action is probably due to its role as an antioxidant.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.519-528
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• 2003

A survey was conducted in certain parts of Haryana to record the prevalence of micro mineral deficiency in buffaloes. The prevalence of soil Cu, Co, Zn and Fe deficiency was 55.26%, 6.9%, 59.12% and 7.89% respectively. While that of fodder Cu, Co, Zn and Fe was 60.64%, 6.7%, 61.22% and 11.37% respectively. The overall prevalence of serum Cu, Co, Zn and Fe deficiency in Haryana was 59.2%, 19.1%, 59.2% and 19.9% respectively. The correlation co-efficient of Cu, Co, Zn and Fe in soil, fodder and serum was significant in most of the cases the values were above 0.8. Blood examination revealed significant decrease in haemoglobin and TEC level. However, no variation in level of TLC were observed in mineral deficient buffaloes. In micro mineral deficiency, thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) levels were decreased in buffaloes. Marginally lower concentration of vitamin A and E were observed in mineral deficient buffaloes in Haryana. The highest deficiency of micro minerals was 61.76% in copper at Ambala followed by 65.86% in zinc at Rhotak. For therapeutic studies a mineral mixture was prepared according to defiency obtained and fed to three groups of animals. Observation was recorded on 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days. Group A consist of normal healthy animals and group B mineral deficient animal untreated and group C mineral deficient animal, treated with prepared mineral mixture. 25 gram of mineral mixture was fed daily along with normal ration. There was increase in body weight, milk yield, haemoglobin concentration and total erythrocyte level in group C animals when compared to group B animals. The milk yield in group C animals increased to 6.970${\pm}$0.41 after 60th day of supplement in comparison to 0 day where it was 5.910${\pm}$0.37, similarly the body wt. of group C animals increased from 129.42${\pm}$01.13 (at 0 day) to 159.31${\pm}$03.61 at 60th day of treatment.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.423-433
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• 2009

Folate and vitamin $B_{12}$ are essential cofactors for homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism. Homocysteinemia has been related with cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease. We examined the effect of folate and/or vitamin $B_{12}$ deficiency on biomarkers of one carbon metabolism in blood, liver and brain, and analyzed the correlation between vitamin biomarkers in mild and moderate homocysteinemia. In this study, Sprague-Dawley male rats (5 groups, n = 10) were fed folatesufficient diet (FS), folate-deficient diet (FD) with 0 or 3 g homocystine (FSH and FDH), and folate-/vitamin $B_{12}$-deficient diet with 3 g homocystine (FDHCD) for 8 weeks. The FDH diet induced mild homocysteinemia (plasma Hcy 17.41 ${\pm}$ 1.94 nmol/mL) and the FDHCD diet induced moderate homocysteinemia (plasma Hcy 44.13 ${\pm}$ 2.65 nmol/mL), respectively. Although liver and brain folate levels were significantly lower compared with those values of rats fed FS or FSH (p < 0.001, p < 0.01 respectively), there were no significant differences in folate levels in liver and brain among the rats fed FD, FDH and FDHCD diet. However, rats fed FDHCD showed higher plasma folate levels (126.5 ${\pm}$ 9.6 nmol/L) compared with rats fed FD and FDH (21.1 ${\pm}$ 1.4 nmol/L, 22.0 ${\pm}$ 2.2 nmol/L)(p < 0.001), which is the feature of "ethyl-folate trap"by vitamin $B_{12}$ deficiency. Plasma Hcy was correlated with hepatic folate (r = -0.641, p < 0.01) but not with plasma folate or brain folate in this experimental condition. However, as we eliminated FDHCD group during correlation test, plasma Hcy was correlated with plasma folate (r = -0.581, p < 0.01), hepatic folate (r = -0.684, p < 0.01) and brain folate (r = -0.321, p < 0.05). Hepatic S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) level was lower in rats fed FD, FDH and FDHCD than in rats fed FS and FSH (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 respectively) and hepatic S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) level was significantly higher in those groups. The SAH level in brain was also significantly increased in rats fed FDHCD (p < 0.05). However, brain SAM level was not affected by folate and/or vitamin $B_{12}$ deficiency. This result suggests that dietary folate- and vitamin B12-deficiency may inhibit methylation in brain by increasing SAH rather than decreasing SAM level, which may be closely associated with impaired cognitive function in nutritional homocysteinemia.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.1744-1748
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• 2014

A dose-response experiment with seven supplemental pyridoxine levels (0, 0.66, 1.32, 1.98, 2.64, 3.30, and 3.96 mg/kg) was conducted to investigate the effects of pyridoxine on growth performance and plasma aminotransferases and homocysteine of White Pekin ducks and to estimate pyridoxine requirement for these birds. A total of 336 one-day-old male White Pekin ducks were divided to 7 experimental treatments and each treatment contained 8 replicate pens with 6 birds per pen. Ducks were reared in raised wire-floor pens from hatch to 28 d of age. At 28 d of age, the weight gain, feed intake, feed/gain, and the aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and homocysteine in plasma of ducks from each pen were all measured. In our study, the pyridoxine deficiency of ducks was characterized by growth depression, decreasing plasma aspartate aminotransferase activity and increasing plasma homocysteine. The ducks fed vitamin $B_6$-deficient basal diets had the worst weight gain and feed/gain among all birds and this growth depression was alleviated (p<0.05) when pyridoxine was supplemented to basal diets. On the other hand, plasma aspartate aminotransferase and homocysteine may be the sensitive indicators for vitamin $B_6$ status of ducks. The ducks fed basal diets had much lower aspartate aminotransferase activity and higher homocysteine level in plasma compared with other birds fed pyridoxine-supplemented diets (p<0.05). According to quadratic regression, the supplemental pyridoxine requirements of Pekin ducks from hatch to 28 days of age was 2.44 mg/kg for feed/gain and 2.08 mg/kg for plasma aspartate aminotransferase and the corresponding total requirements of this vitamin for these two criteria were 4.37 and 4.01 mg/kg when the pyridoxine concentration of basal diets was included, respectively. All data suggested that pyridoxine deficiency could cause growth retardation in ducks and the deficiency of this vitamin could be indicated by decreasing plasma aspartate aminotransferase activity and increasing plasma homocysteine.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.5 no.3 s.19
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• pp.146-151
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• 2005

Purpose: We have preoperatively and postoperatively investigated the characteristics of anemia in patients with gastric cancer in order to provide optimal medical care for the patients. Materials and Methods: Preoperative hemoglobin, serum iron, serum ferritin, serum vitamin $B_{12}$, and serum folic acid were measured for 321 patients with gastric cancer. These were measured again for 287 patients 6 months postoperatively. Results: Ninety-four patients (29.3%) had preoperative anemia. Preoperative hemoglobin, serum iron, and serum vitamin $B_{12}$ levels were higher in the patients with early gastric cancer than in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Preoperative hemoglobin, serum iron, and serum ferritin levels were higher in male patients than in female patients. The patients who had preoperative anemia showed a high probability of having postoperative anemia (P<0.001), and the patients who had low serum ferritin levels preoperatively showed a high probability of having low serum ferritin levels and iron deficiency anemia postoperatively (P<0.004). Conclusion: Preoperative ferritin deficiency should be improved by iron supplement, even though the patient may not be anemic at that time. Periodic postoperative measurements of the hemoglobin, serum iron, serum ferritin, serum vitamin $B_{12}$, and serum folic acid levels are highly recommended because postgastrectomy anemia is not rare. Finally, if any low hemoglobin, serum iron, serum ferritin, serum vitamin $B_{12}$, or serum folic acid levels are found, they should be treated in an appropriate way.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 1993

A nutrition survey of 99 children, 3 to 6 years old, in the day care center, situated in Kamman-dong of Pusan, as the location of one of the socioeconomically vulnerable groups, was undertaken between July 1 and 14, 1992, to investigate dietary intake and nutritional status. The results are summarized as follows. Hematocrit value was 38.9%. Mean content of serum iron was 53.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$ and 17.2% of the subjects were below the borderline of anemia. Mean contents of serum total protein, serum albumin and serum complement $C_3$were at an acceptable level, But, 27% of the subjects were below the borderline of protein deficiency, Energy intake of the children was 68.6~87.5% of the RDAs and mean protein intake was 94.1~114.1% of the recommendation. Low intake of Ca, Fe, vitamin A, B$_1$, B$_2$, C, niarin were also found. The survey found 10% of the subjects skipped a meal once a day, The children intake 3.3~5.5 kinds of the food every meal. The following percentages of the children intake below 75% of the RDAs ; 68% of the children for Fe, 60.2% for vitamin C, 58.3% for niacin, 58.2% for Ca, 46.6% for energy, 37.9% of vitamin B$_2$, 37.8% of vitamin B$_1$.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.533-538
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effect of Pycnogenol (Pyc) on survival and immune dysfunction of C57BL/6 mice induced by low micronutrient supplementation. MATERIALS/METHODS: Female C57/BL/6 mice were fed a diet containing 7.5% of the recommended amount of micronutrients for a period of 12 wks (immunological assay) and 18 wks (survival test). For immunological assay, lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine regulation, and hepatic oxidative status were determined. RESLUTS: Pyc supplementation with 50 and $100mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}bw{\cdot}d^{-1}$ resulted in partial extension of the median survival time. Pyc supplementation led to increased T and B cell response against mitogens and recovery of an abnormal shift of cytokine pattern designated by the decreased secretion of Th1 cytokine and increased secretion of Th2 cytokine. Hepatic vitamin E level was significantly decreased by micronutrient deficiency, in accordance with increased hepatic lipid peroxidation level. However, Pyc supplementation resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of hepatic lipid peroxidation, which may result from restoration of hepatic vitamin E level. CONCLUSION: Findings of this study suggest that Pyc supplementation ameliorates premature death by restoring immune dysfunction, such as increasing lymphocyte proliferation and regulation of cytokine release from helper T cells, which may result from the antioxidative ability of Pyc.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.152-157
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate dietary habit and to evaluate nutritional status and obesity index about adults living in Daejon area. This study was conducted with 250 subjects (male 130, female 120) who visited periodically a periodic health center in a general hospital from May to June in 2002. Questionaries were used for studying of dietary habit and food frequency method. Dietary intake was assessed by food frequency method and consumption of foods and nutrients was analyzed. The relationship between dietary habit and obesity were also analyzed. Dietary habit was better in female than mail. There was no significant difference in mean of Broca's index between female ($110.6\pm16.6\%$) and male ($110.0\pm13.7\%$). The obesity group showed low dietary habit score in irregular eating behavior, frequent eating out and over-intake of salty foods. Especially mean intakes of energy were lower than Korean RDA in all groups. All groups except obesity group were deficiency of vitamin A and vitamin $B_{1}$ and calcium.