• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.12-16
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• 1995

Medium components for lactic acid production were optimized with a strain of Lactobacillus sp., isolated by our Lab. Nitrogen source was the key component and manganese ion was also important for lactic acid production in this strain. Optimal concentration of manganese ion was 0.03 g/l as MnSO$_{4}$ 4 - 5 H$_{2}$O base. Other mineral elements, however, had little effect on it. Among the nitrogen sources we examined, yeast extract showed the highest productivity. Yeast extract, the exellent but very expensive medium component, could be partially replaced by soytone until 60% dry base with higher productivity, or by tryptone enforced with vitamines and nucleic acids. In order to replace yeast extract completely, we examined several inexpensive nitrogen sources and their enzymatic hydrolyzates. The hydrolyzate of vital wheat gluten was the best of them.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.262-270
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• 2014

This study was conducted in order to investigate the properties of bread making and quality improvement when wheat flour is replaced with whole waxy sorghum flour. Sorghum flour, which was prepared with two types of milling methods of pin mill and ultra fine pulverization, was used at different levels ranging from 10, 20 and 30%, respectively. The pasting properties of peak viscosity, setback viscosity and pasting temperature of the composite flour containing pin-milled sorghum flour were higher than those of ultra fine pulverized sorghum flour. The volumes of sorghum bread were lower than that of wheat bread; moreover, they gradually decreased with increasing amounts of sorghum flour, which has inferior dough properties and therefore collapses in the oven. The use of vital gluten (12% based on sorghum flour weight) and emulsifier (SSL; sodium stearoyl lactylate) increased the extensibility and resistance to the extension of the dough, thereby improving its rheological properties. Thus, the oven spring of bread containing sorghum was improved, demonstrating as loaf volume increase up to 15%. However, in the case of breads containing 30% sorghum flour, the loaf volumes were still unacceptably low. Therefore, the formula and the bread making process were further modified as follows: An increase of vital gluten ($12%{\rightarrow}18%$) and shortening ($3%{\rightarrow}6%$), a decrease of mixing time and dough fermentation temperature, and the addition of sorghum flour after gluten development during mixing. The above modifications resulted in the improvement of sorghum bread quality. Therefore, we suggest that pin-milled sorghum flour is more appropriate than ultra fine pulverized sorghum flour for making bread.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.314-320
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• 2002

비지가루의 제빵 적성을 알아보기 위해 밀가루에 5%, 10%, 15%혼합한 빵을 만들고 비지빵의 제빵성을 향상시키기 위해 10% 비지가루 혼합분에 글루텐을 3%, 6%, 9% 첨가한 빵을 만들어 제빵 적성을 조사하고 관능검사를 실시하였다. 비지가루는 단백질 22.0%, 지방 13.2%, 탄수화물 54.3%그리고 식이섬유 27.2%를 함유하고 있었다. 영양성분이 풍부한 비지가루를 밀가루에 혼합하여 식빵을 만들었을 때 비지가루의 혼합비율이 증가함에 따라 수분흡수율, 반죽시간, 빵의 무게는 증가하였고 dough의 팽창력과 빵의 부피는 감소하였으며 10%비지가루 혼합분에 글루텐을 첨가함으로서 제빵 적성이 향상되었다. 빵의 crumb의 색도는 비지가루의 함량이 증가할수록 어두워졌으나 활성글루텐의 첨가로 밝아졌다 빵의 texture도 비지가루의 혼합비율이 높을수록 씹힘성, 경도는 증가하였으나 응집성은 차이가 없었고 활성글루텐의 첨가로 탄력성, 씹힘성, 경도는 증가하는 경 향을 보였다. 관능검사 결과 5%비지가루를 혼합하여 만든 빵은 종합적인 기호도에서 밀가루빵과 차이가 없었으며 10%비지가구 혼합분에 6% 글루텐을 첨 가하여 만든 빵은 글루텐을 첨가하지 않은 10% 비지가루 혼합분 빵보다 종합적인 기호도에서 좋은 평가를 받았다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.384-390
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• 2008

This study examined the effects of sprouted brown rice (SR), gluten (G), and hydroxypropyl-methyl-cellulose (H) on the suppression of retrogradation in breads made with Korean wheat flour. An amylograph was used to determined the pasting properties of dough samples made with Korean wheat flour and additions of SR, SR+G, SR+H, and SR+G+H, respectively. In addition, a texture analyzer was employed to measure the hardness changes of bread samples left at room temperature for 72 hours. Finally, the type of retrogradation was calculated by the Avrami equation. The results showed that the addition of SR significantly decreased dough viscosity. However, the dough samples containing SR, G, and H all displayed reduced cold paste viscosity and setback, indicating a suppression of staling. The bread samples containing SR added to Korean wheat flour had increased hardness, but the addition of gluten (SR+G) reduced hardness. Upon examining the bread samples stored at room temperature for 24 hours, it was shown that the addition of G and H with SR (SR+G+H) suppressed retrogradation. Finally, the Avrami model data indicated that the type of retrogradation varied according to the addition of SR, G, and H. The breads made with hard wheat flour (HWF), WM, and WM+SR+H had similar Avrami exponents ($1.20{\sim}1.28$), while those for WM+SR, WM+SR+G, and WM+SR+G+H ranged from 2.7 to 3.3. Overall, the combined addition of SR and H was considered effective for preventing retrogradation in bread made with Korean wheat flour.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제6권
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• pp.137-143
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• 1988

Straight no-time method로 조제한 냉동(冷凍)반죽을 이용(利用)한 발효(醱酵)빵제조에 있어서 가장 적절한 반죽의 조성(組成)을 제(製)빵성적(成積)을 중심으로 검토하였다. 경질(硬質)밀가루 1,000 g에 대하여 압착효모(壓搾酵母) 30 g, 설탕 50 g, 식염(食鹽) 20 g, 쇼트닝 40 g, 브롬산칼륨 75mg, L-ascorbic acid 200mg, yeast food 3 g, vital wheat gluten 30 g, 제1인산칼슘 400mg, 스테아릴젖산나트륨 8 g, 급수량(汲水量) 680 g 으로 냉동(冷凍)반죽을 만드는 것이 제(製)빵과정(過程)에서 팽창력(膨脹力)과 발효시간(醱酵時間)이 적절하고 높은 비용적(比容積)을 얻을 수 있어서 가장 바람직하였다. Farinograph 성적상의 흡수율(吸水率)보다 높은 68%의 급수량(汲水量)으로도 유화제(乳化劑)나 품질개량제(品質改良劑)의 다량첨가(多量添加)로 반죽의 동결장해(凍結障害)를 억제할 수 있었다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.14-18
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• 1993

$95^{\circ}C$에서 열처리한 밀가루(Kansas hard white winter wheat flour)로 제조된 라면은 그 제조시 약 38%의 물 흡수율을 보여주었는데 이는 열처리를 안 한 control 밀가루에 비하여 약 4~5% 증가함을 보여주었다. $95^{\circ}C$에서 열처리한 밀가루는 글루텐이 열에 의해 응고되어 대부분 손상되었으며 $\alpha$-amylase의 양이 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 라면의 가열 전후를 볼 때, 육안으로 본 라면의 색은 상당히 좋아졌는데, 이는 polyphenol oxidase의 불활성화로 인한 것이며, 조리시간도 많이 단축되었다. 조리 후의 라면의 증가된 무게는 control에 비하여 감소하였고, 조리에 의한 손실은 증가하였는데 이는 열에 의해 글루텐 단백질이 응고되거나 손상을 입어 라면 조직의 텍스쳐가 약해졌기 때문이다. 그러므로 열처리를 한 밀가루로부터 라면을 제조시는, 손상되지 않은 천연의 글루텐(vital gluten)을 첨가하면 국수의 글루텐 단백질과 전분의 결합력을 증가시켜 라면조직을 향상시킬 것으로 보여진다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.167-173
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• 1997

The primary objective of this study was tested the baking properties of Korean wheat. In test results, the wheat which was harvested from all over the Korea, not suitable for making bread and cake products. However, some of possibilities to make bread were found by using vital gluten as well as additives. Out of Korean wheat classes, the Tapdong wheat showed good properties for bread making, and it is recommended to develope it as bread making wheat by segregating from other classes in seeding and harvesting.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제22권4호통권94호
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• pp.419-427
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to promote the substitution of rice flour for wheat flour in making bread and thus the consumption of rice by examining the effect of particle size of rice flour on leavening rice bread. For this purpose, several experiments were carried out. With regard to particle size distribution, 59.45% of wheat flour had passed 200 mesh and 3 kinds of rice flour milled to penetrate into 20, 35, and 45 mesh (S1, S2 and S3) had passed 21.88%, 33.1% and 36.38% of those for 200 mesh, respectively. To leaven the rice flour dough to bread, 25% of vital gluten was needed. To determine the optimal water quantity for rice bread dough, the hardness of wheat and rice flour dough was measured by rheometer. The appropriate water quantity for S1, S2 and S3 was set at 285 ml , 295 ml and 335${\sim}$340m1, respectively. The loaf volume index of the wheat flour bread was 6.24, while that of and rice flour bread S1, S2 and S3 was 5.38, 5.50 and 5.75, respectively. These results indicated that the loaf volume index of rice flour bread is lower than that of wheat flour bread, but that the volume of rice flour bread was increased with fuel particle size of rice flour. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), image of the wheat bread tissue at a magnification of 35 times showed long, large, oval-shaped, air cells and thin cell membrane, as well as small air cells, whereas the images of rice flour showed angular, circular, air cells and rough and thick cell membrane. The size and number of air cells in the rice bread were larger in S2 and S3 with fuel particle flours than in S1. In particular, the bread made with S3 contained many air cells that were as large as those in the wheat bread were. In addition, when the inner cell wall was magnified 1500 times, almost no small air cell was observed in C and S3, whereas many fine air cells were observed in the cell wall of S1 and S2.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.20-26
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• 1986

Very little information is available in the literature on storage of fish sauce. Therefore, microbiological and chemical chracteristics during storage and quality of fish sauce were investigated and discussed to present data about the optimum storage condition. The chopped sardine meat was mixed with equal amount of water and $9\%$(w/w) of $75\%$ vital wheat gluten and then hydrolyzed by addition of commercial proteolytic enzymes such as bromelain, papaya protease, ficin and a enzyme mixture (Pacific Chem. Co.) for 4 hours at $52.5^{\circ}C$. The reaction mixture was heated for 30 min at $100^{\circ}C$ for enzyme inactivation, pasteurization and color development and then centrifuged for 20 min at 4,000 rpm. Table salt and benzoic acid were added for bacteriostatic effect and stored for 80 days at $15{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ and $30{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The amount of amino-nitrogen and pH of fish sauce were almost unchanged during storage. 2. Mininum concentration of salt for bacteriostatic activity was $9\%$(w/w) regardless of addition of benzoic acid. 3. the yields of amino-nitrogen were $63.1\%$ for the hydrolysate prepared without enzyme, $79.7\%$ for that with bromelain, $69.9\%$ with ficin, $74.3\%$ with papaya pretense, and $78.1\%$ with enzyme mixture, respectively. 4. The contents of amino-nitrogen were $4510.0mg\%$ on the dry basis for the product prepared by autolysis, $5483.2mg\%$ for that prepared with bromelain, $5305.7mg\%$ with ficin, $4994.1mg\%$ with papaya protease and $5582.3mg\%$ with the enzyme mixture, respectively. 5. The contents of crude protein were $51.35\%$ on the dry basis for the product prepared by autolysis and 55 to $59\%$ for prepared with commercial enzymes. 6. The hydrolysate prepared with the enzyme mixture revealed a little stronger meaty taste than any other products. 7. The level of crude protein in residues was still high ($69.5{\sim}77.2\%$ on the dry basis) and might be originated from the added vital wheat gluten.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.257-262
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• 1987

비육단백질(분리대두단백질, 활성소맥글루텐, 카제인나트륨)의 돈육 대체 수준(0, 10, 20, 30%)에 따른 제품의 이화학적 성질 및 기호성에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과 대체 수준 증가로 pH는 높아지고, 제품의색에 는 약간의 나쁜 영향을 미쳤으나 조리손실은 줄일수 있었다. TBA가도 비슷하거나 약간 낮아졌으며, 제품의 기능적 성질에도 전반적으로 차이가 없거나 약간의 향상을 나타내었다. 세 비육단백질 모두 20%까지 대체하여도 전반적으로 대조구에 비하여 이화학적 성질 및 기호성에 나쁜 영향을 미치지 않았다.