• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.106-118
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• 1998

Background : This study was done to assess the relationship among multiple patient outcomes of cataract surgery perioperatively, 3-4 months and 12 months after surgery. The patient outcomes include changes in visual acuity(operated eye, better eye), visual function(VF-14), patient satisfaction, subjective satisfaction with vision, and subjective overall health status. Methods : For the assessment of relationship, prospective study was performed with 92 patients who had undergone either one or both eye cataract surgery by 3 ophthalmologists practicing at a university hospital. Patients were interviewed. and clinical data were obtained. Doctors were questioned with self-entered questionnaire forms. Medical record was examined to understand surgery process. The survey was conducted at 4 stages : preoperatively, perioperatively, postoperative 3-4 months, and postoperative 12 months. Results : The correlations within patient outcomes at 4 stages - the visual acuity of operated eye and that of better eye, patient satisfaction and VF-14, subjective overall health status and relative health status as against others - were found to be positively correlated. The change in the visual acuity of operated eye and better eye was correlated with VF-14 as well as with patient satisfaction. The change was also correlated with overall health status. However, the correlations between variables were decreased as the postoperative period got longer. Conclusion : As for the postoperative clinical patient outcomes, VF-14 is acted to linker between visual acuity - clinical outcomes and overall health status - endpoint outcomes. Therefore. VF-14 is the index of patient-sided and disease-specific outcome for cataract surgery.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.156-163
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• 2001

Background: The categorical scales and visual analogue scales (VAS) are methods used for evaluating variations of postoperative pain intensity. Several studies have introduced the idea that there is a clear correlation between visual scales and categorical scales. However, when VAS is the only pain measure in the study, we do not know what point on the VAS represents a category on the categorical scale and their degree of correlation with satisfaction for postoperative pain. Methods: 252 patients who had undergone elective surgery were studied. A 5-point categorical scale (none, mild, moderate, severe, worst possible pain), a 0-100 mm VAS (no pain to worst possible pain) and patient satisfaction score were checked 24 hours after surgery using a pain questionnaire and VAS tool. Results: The mean VAS score of the 14 patients reporting 'no-pain' was $1.9{\pm}0.9$, $23.9{\pm}1.0$ for the 132 patients reporting 'mild-pain', $47.2{\pm}1.1$ for the 82 patients reporting 'moderate-pain' and $67.5{\pm}2.8$ for the 24 patients reporting 'severe-pain'. Of the patients reporting moderate pain, 85% scored over 45.6 mm on the corresponding VAS, with a mean score 47.2 mm. The mean satisfaction scores were $90.6{\pm}2.7$ for the 'no pain', patients, $75.1{\pm}1.3$ for ‘mild pain', $58.3{\pm}1.5$ for 'moderate pain', and $55.1{\pm}4.0$ for 'severe pain' patients. The categorical scale was significantly correlated with VAS (P < 0.01). The satisfaction score was significantly inversely correlated with VAS (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Our results indicate that if a patient records a VAS score in excess of 45.6 mm they would probably have recorded at least moderate pain on a 5-point categorical scale. The categorical scale can be used properly for postoperative pain measurement with VAS. More research is required for the development of suitable pain descriptor for a categorical scale and pain questionnaire in Korean.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.533-542
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• 2013

Fashion products are frequently purchased on impulse and are also one of the most popular product categories sold online. Online environment attributes can facilitate flow experiences that are described as an optimal psychological state reached during an engagement in activities (e.g., games and e-shopping). This study estimated the path model to examine the causal relationships among shopping mall attributes, flow, e-impulse buying, and consumer satisfaction for fashion products. A total of 598 usable questionnaires were obtained from college students who had purchased fashion products through the Internet. Data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and path analysis using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0. The results showed that e-shopping mall attributes (visual attributes and product attributes) significantly influenced e-impulse buying (fashion-oriented impulse buying and promotion-oriented impulse buying) which was mediated by the consumer flow experience and then influenced by consumer satisfaction. In the path model, the flow was stimulated by shopping mall attributes, the e-impulse buying was influenced by flow, and the consumer satisfaction was influenced by e-impulse buying. Flow was the most highly related to the fashion-oriented impulse buying, and followed by the relationship of the flow and promotion-oriented impulse buying in the context of e-shopping for fashion products. A managerial implication was discussed for fashion product e-retailers to develop strategies on visual attributes and product attributes that could stimulate and increase the consumer flow to trigger impulse buying as well as consumer satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.66 no.4
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• pp.1-17
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• 2016

Fashion stores have to change to fit such the taste of individual customers taste and try to give unique experiences to the customers. They need to develop a special space that entertains customers, and entices them to visit and revitalize the off-line stores. This paper aims to analyze the experimental factors of stores, and how each of the factors impact customer experience in order to find out its effect on store satisfaction and store loyalty. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0. Results of this study are as follows. First, Visual, Tactile, and Gustatory are the main senses that influence the emotional experience of the customers on a store visit. Second, three factors that influenced customer experience in experimental fashion stores are 'Causing Interest', 'Causing Concern', and 'Causing Relationship.' Third, the 'Causing Interest' factor and the 'Causing Concern' factor showed positive correlation with store satisfaction, while the 'Causing Relationship' factor did not impact store satisfaction, which affected store loyalty. Fourth, each experimental fashion stores can have different effect to consumer satisfaction and loyalty. Also, fashion store brands without an experimental store can cause various effects to consumers when a flagship store with an array of product information is formed. The conclusion drawn from this study will provide a guideline for fashion stores attract faithful customers by improving their store environment.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.61-71
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• 2022

Purpose: This study analyzes the effects of variables affecting e-satisfaction and e-loyalty in e-commerce. Research design, data, and methodology: A survey was conducted to 384 Indonesia online shopping mobile application users. The questionnaire construct was designed based on several independent variables, such as application attractiveness, application functionality, and customer service on e-satisfaction and e-loyalty. E-satisfaction was positioned as an intervening variable to determine the effect on e-loyalty. Results: Application attractiveness, application functionality, and customer service shown positive effect on e-satisfaction in online shopping mobile application. At the same time, e-satisfaction also affected e-loyalty significantly as referred in previous studies. However, application attractiveness, while showed positive effect on e-satisfaction, in contrary with previous study does not showed very significant effect. Conclusion: Application functionality significantly influences users satisfaction compared to application attractiveness. E-satisfaction mediates as a factor between visual design, information access, and transaction in online shopping mobile application, which stimulates user loyalty. The study findings' can be a reference for companies to create and maintain users' satisfaction and loyalty via different aspects of mobile application. Further research should be conducted on other field of study as the industry has different aspects that affects user loyalty.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

Purpose: To plan and improve consumers' satisfaction by analyzing consumers' purchasing behavior of spectacles. Also this will show the need of improvement in reliance of an optician. Methods: A total of 307 people (10 to 60 years) participated in individual questionnaires. Questionnaires comprised of general characteristic of surveyed people, purchasing spectacles behavior, satisfaction after purchasing spectacles, reliability of optician, and improvement points of optician. Results: Most important points in selecting the product were the design and the price of the spectacles. 142 people (46.3%) replied "average" and 140 people (45.6%) replied "satisfying" out of maximum point of satisfaction level which was 5 points. 72.3% of people have regularly visiting optical shop due to the high accessibility, after-sales care, and courteous optician. On the contrary, 27.7% replied "never visit same optician shop again" because of the low accessibility, minimal range of products, and high price. Data showed that people had high re liability about the opticians' knowledge of product, and their technique of eye refraction. Data revealed that people did not show high satisfaction about opticians' knowledge of ophthalmology, and price of products. Most important improvement points were accurate spectacle prescription by Opticians rating 42% of reply. Factors most considered during spectacle selection among the 10 to 20 age group were design by 34.8% and price by 10.1%. Among the 40 to 50 age group, most considered factors were design by 14% and spectacle frame material by 10.1%. Conclusions: Satisfaction rate of purchasing spectacles for the total participant group was 4.2 average grades. Reliability of opticians' eye refraction result and prescription was 50.5%. However consumers wanted to obtain more accurate eye refraction result and prescription with more comprehensive explanations. Also, consumers wanted opticians to be sensitive and have appreciative eye in select spectacles for customers, and to offer precise spectacle dispensing services and courteous after-sales care.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

Purpose: The study was aimed to suggest the most effective color of the tinted lenses by evaluating the effect of the prescription with tinted lenses on the visual quality of the elderly at the age of the sixty or more. Methods: The visual acuity of fifty subjects at the age of sixty or more (17 males, 33 females with the averaged age of $71.0{\pm}6.3$) were corrected to have the visual acuity at a far distance of 0.5 or more using a trial lens frame, and non-tinted, brown-tinted, and gray-tinted lenses were randomly applied on the trial frame. The minimum legibility and minimum separability were measured at a far distance in the aspect of the visual acuity and calculated as LogMAR and then, the visual acuity was compared. The stereopsis and contrast sensitivity were also estimated at a near distance in the aspect of the visual function. The participants' preference for tinted lenses and their subjective symptoms of the visual perception and the movement were further surveyed. Results: The best minimum legibility and minimum separability was shown when wearing non-tinted lenses, and brown-tinted and gray-tinted lenses were in the next. The stereopsis and the contrast sensitivity at a near distance and the visual perception was the best when wearing brown-tinted lenses. It was surveyed that the subjective discomfort was the biggest when wearing gray-tinted lenses, and brown-tinted lenses were the best in the aspect of the subjective preference. Conclusions: As the result of this study, it was revealed that the visual acuity and visual function could be improved by the use of tinted ophthalmic lenses however, its change of visual acuity and visual function was not completely correlated with the subjective satisfaction. Therefore, the appropriate color of ophthalmic lenses should be selected in accordance with the individual visual perception and the main vision lifestyle in the elderly generation. From the present study, the use of non- or brown-tinted lens and brown- or gray-tinted lens can be recommended for distance work and near work, respectively, in the elderly generation under the illumination of about 1,000 lux.

• Educational Technology International
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.141-166
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of using visual stimulation and gesture, namely embodied language learning, on learning achievement and learner's course interest in the EFL classroom. To investigate the effectiveness of the proposed purpose, thirty two third-grade elementary school students participated and were assigned into four English learning class conditions (i.e., using animated graphic and gestures condition, using only animated graphic condition, using still pictures and gesture condition, and control condition). The research questions for this study are addressed below: (1) What differences are there in post and delayed learning achievement between imitating gesture group and non-imitating one and between animated graphic group and still picture one? (2) What differences are there in course interest between imitating gesture group and non-imitating one and between animated graphic group and still picture one? The Embodiment-based English learning system for this study was designed by using Microsoft's Kinect sensing devices. The results of this study revealed that students of imitating gesture group memorized and retained better words and sentence structure than those of the other groups. As for learner's course interest measurement, imitating gesture group showed a highly positive response to attention, relevance, and satisfaction for curriculum and using animated graphic influenced satisfaction as well. This finding can be attributed to the embodied cognition, which proposes that the body and the mind are inseparable in the constitution of cognition and thus students using visual simulation and imitating related gesture regard the embodied language learning approach more satisfactory and acceptable than the conventional ones.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.281-287
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• 2022

Objectives: This study, investigated the satisfaction of patients who received the procedure using an implant guide to identify factors affecting satisfaction in dental hospitals and clinics in Jeollanam-do. Methods: From December 2021 to February 2022, questionnaires randomly were collected from 128 patients aged 20 to 90 years visiting dental hospitals and clinics using surgical guides in some areas of Jeollanam-do. Results: There was a negative correlation between the overall satisfaction average and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain level (r=-0.414, p<0.001), and a negative correlation between VAS pain level and VAS satisfaction (r=-0.273, p<0.05), As subjective pain decreased, subjective satisfaction increased, and as subjective pain increased, the overall satisfaction average also decreased, showing an inverse correlation. Factors affecting satisfaction with the guide for implant surgery were whether you would like to recommend it to people around you (β=0.556), whether you would like to explain the guide (β=0.194), and whether you thought it was good to receive the guide (β=0.199). Conclusions: Therefore, in order to increase the satisfaction of the implant surgical guide procedure, it is considered important to perform a sufficient explanation of the implant surgical guide before the procedure.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.1 s.120
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• pp.28-35
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the visual preference factors for river scenery, which can vary according to changes in water levels, to estimate the optimal ratio of water surface/river width. Five locations on the Youngsan and Sumjin Rivers were selected as representative samples and field survey data such as channel geometry with water levels were prepared to develop the slide of river scenery, To estimate the level of satisfaction in river scenery, slides of 4 different water levels at each of the representative locations were developed through questionnaire. To analyse the correlation between the visual preference for river scenery and preference factors, a multi regression analysis method was adopted in this study. According to the results of the multi regression analysis, Factor B(Aesthetic factors) have the greatest affect on visual preferences and Factor A(A Feeling of Open space and Physical factors) affect significantly to visual preferences for river scenery. The results of analysis shows that the most preferred W/B ratio varies from 0.5 to 0.7 and this result indicates that many people prefer high levels river flow to maintain a natural and harmonious view of rivers. The results of this study will contribute to the field of river landscape design and river restoration projects in order to maximize the human being's satisfaction as a part of nature.