• Toxicological Research
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.17-20
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• 1996

The effect of Fumonisin B1, a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme on bacterial viruses P1 and Lambda, was investigated by the virus plaque assay. Fumonisin B1 inhibited the P1 viral multiplication in the concentration range from $100{\mu}g$/ml to $400{\mu}g$/ml. The inhibition was Fumonisin B1 concentration-dependent. Another bacterial virus Lambda multiplication was also inhibited by lower concentration of Fumonisin B1 ($10{\mu}g$/ml~$50{\mu}g$/ml). This inhibition was dependent on Fumonisin B1 and on virus-Fumonisin B1 reaction time. Sensitivity of bacteriophage Lambda to Fumonisin B1 was higher than that of P1 virus. Lambda vital DNA was treated in vitro with Fumonisin B1 at various concentration. Significant DNA fragmentation by Fumonisin 191 was observed in the agarose gel electrophoresis. Lambda viral DNA was partially digested even in the Fumonisin B1 $10{\mu}g$ and the level of its fragmentation was dependent on Fumonisin B1 amount up to $30{\mu}g$ per assay.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.53-58
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• 1974

A number of antibiotics and organic compounds were tested for their effect on the multoplication of tobacco mosaic virus(TMV) in floating leaf discs. 1)Among six antibiotics tested, kanamycin sulfate showed 24% or more inhibition to TMV multiplication under these experimental conditions. Aureomycin hydrochloride and chloramphenicol showed 19% and 14% inhibition respectively. 2)For screening of organic compounds two environments were used, a diffuse day- light environment (25 foot-candles and laboratory temperature) and an artificial light environment for 12 hours per day(300 foot-candles at 4 to $5^{\circ}C above laboratory temperature). A wide range of organic compounds increased virus multoplication in the diffuse daylight environment but had less effect, or ingibited virus multiplication, in the artificial light environment. 3)The following compounds were among the most effective in increasing TMV multiplication: glucose-1-phosphate, L-aspartic acid, glucose, and 5-bromouracil. The following compoumds were most effective in inhibiting TMT multiplication: thiouracil, uracil, DL-isoleucine, L-leucine, and zinc chloride.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.101-108
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• 2020

Infections by herpes simplex viruses have an immense impact on humans, ranging from self-limiting, benign illness to serious, life-threatening diseases. While nucleoside analog drugs are available, resistance has been increasing and currently no vaccine exists. Ginsenosides derived from Panax ginseng have been documented to inhibit several viruses and bolster immune defenses. This study evaluated 12 of the most relevant ginsenosides from P. ginseng for toxicities and inhibition of herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 in Vero cells. The effects of test compounds and virus infection were determined using a PrestoBlue cell viability assay. Time course studies were also conducted to better understand at what points the virus life cycle was affected. Non-toxic concentrations of the ginsenosides were determined and ranged from 12.5 μM to greater than 100 μM. Ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 demonstrated the greatest inhibitory effect and was active against both HSV-1 and HSV-2 with an IC₅₀ of approximately 35 μM. The most dramatic inhibition-over 100% compared to controls-occurred when the virus was exposed to 20(S)-Rg3 for 4 h prior to being added to cells. 20(S)-Rg3 holds promise as a potential chemotherapeutic agent against herpes simplex viruses and, when used together with valacyclovir, may prevent increased resistance to drugs.

• 대한한방종양학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.199-209
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• 1998

In order to find antiviral effect against Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV), Herpes simplex virus type I(HSV-1) and II(HSV-2) from herb medicines, publicated 29 paters on anti-viral effect of herbal medicines and a convenient virus-induced cytopathic effect (CEP) inhibition assay was introduced. The major virus on experiment are HIV, Hepatitis B virus and HSV-1,2. Those of other studies showed inhibition of infected virus DNA replication and screening test of herbal medicines. More than 15 extractions were prepared by pure water boiling from herbal medicines, and their toxicity of infected cell and anti-viral activities were evaluated. Among them, the major part of herbal medicines showed cell stability compared with the contrast. Cytotoxic concentration (CC) of the $H_2O$ extracts of Padoo against HIV was <4.0, Hyungbangpaedoksan against HIV was 9.3, Whangyonhaedoktang against HIV-1 and HSV-2 was 15.3. These are high level cytotoxic concentration compared with the contrast. But antiviral effect was unable to figure out for selective $index(SI)=CC_{50}/EC_{50}$. The other herbal medicines were unable to showed potent anti-HIV and anti-HSV activity. The antiviral activation using herbs in this thesis have unlimited objects, to select research object will help to show the direction of antiviral drug development that have less side effect and more excellent efficiency.

• 생약학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.82-86
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• 2000

To evaluate anti-influenza virus activity of 113 specimens of Korean traditional medicine both water and methanol extracts were examined using haemagglutination inhibition test. The water extract from Citrus junos was found to inhibit influenza virus A/Taiwan/l/86(H1N1). The survival rates of virus were determined by in situ cellular enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The water extract of Citrus junos was fractionated by chromatographic separating using Amberlite XAD-4, 40% MeOH and 60% MeOH layer had antiviral activity. The half inhibition concentration $(IC_{50})$ of 40% MeOH layer on survival of influenza virus was $MIC>361.5{\mu}g/ml$ and $IC_{50}$ value of fr. 40-4 fractionated from 40% MeOH layer was $677.19{\mu}g/ml$. These results suggested that the fractions of Citus junos have potent anti-influenza A virus activity.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.11-17
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• 1989

$AOS(\alpha-olefin),$ LAS(linear alkyl benzene), OSS(dioctyl sulfosuccinate) 및 SAS (dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid)등 4종 계면활성제의 TMV 감염저지 효과를 잎담배 품종 Xan-thi-nc 및 NC 82를 이용하여 조사하였다. 각 계면활성제를 2,500ppm 농도로 담배잎에 처리한 경우 바이러스(TMV) 또는 TMV RNA를 접종했을 때 모두 98% 이상의 감염저지 효과를 나타냈다. 그러나 이들을 담배 근권토양에 처리 3일후 잎에 Virus를 접종하여 병징 및 엽중 Virus 농도를 조사한 결과 무처리구와 차이가 없어 침투이행에 의한 TMV 감염저지 효과는 인정되지 않았다. 순화된 바이러스를 각 계면활성제 2,500ppm 용액과 혼합한 후 초고속원심분리에 의해 다시 Virus를 회수하여 활성을 조사한 결과 LAS는 96% 이상 Virus를 불활성화시켰으며, 이 외는 바이러스 활성에 영향을 미치지 못했다. 또 각 계면활성제가 처리된 Virus 입자의 형태는 무처리입자와 차이가 없었다. 이같은 결과들로 미루어 4종의 계면활성제가 나타낸 TMV 감염저지 효과는 바이러스 입자의 파괴 또는 감염초기 바이러스 입자의 외피 단백질 탈피억제에 의한 것이 아닌 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.924-929
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• 2005

Boiled-water extracts from 101 Korean medicinal plants were tested in vitro for their inhibitory activity against influenza virus type A by means of a modified hemagglutination inhibition test. Thirteen of the 101 extracts exhibited strong anti-influenza virus type A activity at concentrations of less than $780\;{\mu}g/ml$. Out of the above 13 extracts, MW-40 (Chaenomeles speciosa), MW-88 (Citrus junos), and MW-100 (Zingiber officinale) exhibited marked antiviral activity in the concentration range of $0.195\;{\mu}g/ml$ to 100 mg/ml, $0.0487\;{\mu}g/ml$ to 100 mg/ml, and $0.0487\;{\mu}g/ml$ to 100 mg/ml, respectively. The extracts MW-88 and MW-100 were not cytotoxic to red blood cells, whereas MW-40 showed very weak cytotoxicity in the concentration range of 50 mg/ml to 100 mg/ml. Therefore, the present results demonstrate that boiled water extracts of 2 Korean medicinal plants, MW-88 and MW-100, have strong anti-influenza virus type A activity and no cytotoxic effects, and they may inhibit attachment of the virus to the cell and may be used for prophylaxis.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.60-66
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• 1983

Monoclonal antibodies against Taka virus, a variant of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), were produced to compare the antigenicites of several avian paramyxoviruses including NDV. It was also used to study the activesite(s) of haemagglutin (HA) and neuraminidase activities of NDV. Five independent hybrid cell lines, which produced monoclonal antibodies against haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) molecule of Taka virus, were established. From the results of the cross haemagglutination-inhibition(HI) test the monoclonal antibodies, the HN molecule of Taka virus seemed to have at least three different antigenic determinats; one was specific for all NDV strain tested, the second was only for Taka virus and the third was for Take virus, Banger and Yucaipa Furthermore the differences in the ratio of HI to neuraminidase-inhibition titers suggested that the active sites involved in HA and neuraminidase activities might be different from each other. However, since each of five monoclonal anitbodies was not especially specific for either HA or neuraminidase, the possibility that a single active site on the HN molecule may be responsible for both activities has not been excluded.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.579-591
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• 2001

The cell growth inhibitor effect of cervical cancer cells was investigated by liposome mediated transfection (pRcCMVp53/lipofectin) and by transfection using adenovirus (AdCMVp57). The papilloma virus cancer cell lines we used in this study were HPV16 positive, having inhibiter gene, wild p53 gene, CaSki, SiHa, HPV18 positive HeLa, HeLaS3 and HPV negative C33A, HT3. LacZ gene of E.coli was used as the marker gene for the transfection efficiency. The effect on the inhibition of tumor cell growth was measured by cell count and cell viability though ELISA analysis and MTT assay. The inhibition of tumor cell growth was confirmed by measuring each assay for six days, comparing with the normal control cell growth. The cell growth of cervical cancer calls by transfection was significantly reduced and showed tittle differences among the cell lines. To eliminate the potential problem of Ad(adenovirus) contamination during rAAV production, rAAV can be produced by a triple transfection of vector plasmic, packaging plasmid, and adenovirus helper plasmid. To examine the helper functions of Ad plasmids on the production of rAAV vector, we carried out cotransfection of three plasmids, AAV vector, packaging construct, and Ad helper plasmids. The optimized transfection condition for calcium phosphate method is 25ug of total DNA per 10-cm-diameter plate of 293 cell. We found that rAAV yields peaked at 48hr after Ad infection. The titer of rAAV was measured by the dot blot analysis to measure the number of particles/ml based on the quantification of viral DNA. Recent1y, Kombucha(fungi) was identified as a very potent antileukefic agent. In the present study, effect of natural toxin(plankton) and Kombucha is PSP(GTXI-3, neoSTX), on various MTT assay cervical cancer cell line. Toxin(GTX 1-3, neoSTX) also inhibited the proliferation in primary cervical cancer calls in a dose-dependent toxin concentration. These results showed that toxin was very potent in inhibiting the proliferation of cervical cancer calls in vitro. Toxins and Kombuoha exhibited a dose dependent inhibition of cellular proliferation in cancer cell line.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권9호
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• pp.1412-1419
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• 2020

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a leading cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. However, the paucity of appropriate cell culture models for HuNoV replication has prevented developing effective anti-HuNoV therapies. In this study, first, the replication of the virus at various temperatures in different cells was compared, which showed that lowering the culture temperature from 37℃ significantly increased virus replication in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Second, the expression levels of autophagy-, immune-, and apoptosis-related genes at 30℃ and 37℃ were compared to explore factors affecting HuNoV replication. HuNoV cultured at 37℃ showed significantly increased autophagy-related genes (ATG5 and ATG7) and immune-related genes (IFNA, IFNB, ISG15, and NFKB) compared to mock. However, the virus cultured at 30℃ showed significantly decreased expression of autophagy-related genes (ATG5 and ATG7), but not significantly different major immune-related genes (IFNA, ISG15, and NFKB) compared to mock. Importantly, expression of the transcription factor FOXO1, which controls autophagy- and immune-related gene expression, was significantly lower at 30℃. Moreover, FOXO1 inhibition in temperature-optimized MDCK cells enhanced HuNoV replication, highlighting FOXO1 inhibition as an approach for successful virus replication. In the temperature-optimized cells, various HuNoV genotypes were successfully replicated, with GI.8 showing the highest replication levels followed by GII.1, GII.3, and GII.4. Furthermore, ultrastructural analysis of the infected cells revealed functional HuNoV replication at low temperature, with increased cellular apoptosis and decreased autophagic vacuoles. In conclusion, temperature-optimized MDCK cells can be used as a convenient culture model for HuNoV replication by inhibiting FOXO1 and providing adaptability to different genotypes.