• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권10호
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• pp.1727-1735
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• 2017

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections cause epidemic or sporadic acute hepatitis, which are mostly self-limiting. However, viral infection in immunocompromised patients and pregnant women may result in serious consequences, such as chronic hepatitis and liver damage, mortality of the latter of which reaches up to 20-30%. Type I interferon (IFN)-induced antiviral immunity is known to be the first-line defense against virus infection. Upon HEV infection in the cell, the virus genome is recognized by pathogen recognition receptors, leading to rapid activation of intracellular signaling cascades. Expression of type I IFN triggers induction of a barrage of IFN-stimulated genes, helping the cells cope with viral infection. Interestingly, some of the HEV-encoded genes seem to be involved in disrupting signaling cascades for antiviral immune responses, and thus crippling cytokine/chemokine production. Antagonistic mechanisms of type I IFN responses by HEV have only recently begun to emerge, and in this review, we summarize known HEV evasion strategies and compare them with those of other hepatitis viruses.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.13-17
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• 2007

Owing to improvement of socioeconomic status during recent decades in Korea, incidence of hepatitis A has rapidly decreased, especially among children. However, this status has paradoxically caused a steady increase of adult patients with HAV infection, causing new medical issues associated with aggravated clinical symptoms. The present study reports an adult case of acute viral hepatitis type A treated with oriental medicine. The elevated biochemical findings(AST, ALT, gamma-GTP, bilirubin), physical symptoms (general weakness, nausea, right flank pain, itching sign), and serological makers (anti-HAV IgM and anti-HAV IgG) were normalized within four weeks. Also, sonographic examination showed a normal pattern on an enlarged liver image. This study informed us about the clinical capacity of oriental medicine for adult patients with acute viral hepatitis type A.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.125-129
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• 1993

An acute fatal infectious disease in rabbits has been outbroken in Korea since 1985. This disease has been characterized as an acute hepatitis caused by viruses. However, viral pathogenesis in rabbit viral hepatitis leading to sudden death remain unclear. This report dealt with the electron microscopic findings on the spleen of experimentally infected rabbits, because spleen is one of the affected organs which have high titer of virus by a haemagglutination test. A typical crystalline array of virus was not found in the splenic cells of infected rabbits with acute hepatitis. Virus-like particles were seen within the phagosome of macrophages of the spleen. Ultrastructural changes in the spleen were severe with the lapse of time after inoculation. From these results, virus-like particles in the spleen were supposed to be phagocytosed by macrophage during viremia, while active replication of virus occurred in the liver. It was concluded that sudden death in this viral disease was caused by hepatic coma and/or circulatory disturbance.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.291-298
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• 2001

Objectives : This study was conducted to evaluate the effects that Injinsugunomija Extract affected Liver function test of Alcoholic liver disease and Viral hepatitis patients. Methods: We adminstered eighty packets of Injinsugunomija Extract to some kinds of liver disease patients for one month. And we investigated the changes of their liver function test. Results: The results from this study were summarized as followed. In the 10 patients of Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD), 3 cases improve prominent and 4 cases improve effective and 3 cases are ineffective. Then 70% 01 ALD patients has improved by Injinsugunomija Extract In the 9 patients of Viral hepatitis, 1 case improves prominent and 4 cases improve effective and 1 case become worse and 1 case become worst and 2 cases are ineffective. Then 55.6% of Viral hepatitis patients has improved by Injinsugunomija Extract. Conclusions: From these results, Injinsugunomija Extract showed the meaningful effects on improving liver function test of ALD patients and Viral hepatitis patients.

• BMB Reports
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• 제41권9호
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• pp.678-683
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• 2008

The initial step during assembly of the hepatitis A virus particle is driven by domain 2A of P1-2A, which is the precursor of the structural proteins. The proteolytic removal of 2A from particulate VP1-2A by an as yet unknown host enzyme presumably terminates viral morphogenesis. Using a genetic approach, we show that a basic amino acid residue at the C-terminus of VP1 is required for efficient particle assembly and that host proteases trypsin and cathepsin L remove 2A from hepatitis A virus particles in vitro. Analyses of insertion mutants in the C-terminus of 2A reveal that this part of 2A is important for liberation of P1-2A from the polyprotein. The data provide the first evidence that the VP1/2A junction is involved in both viral particle assembly and maturation and, therefore, seems to coordinate the first and last steps in viral morphogenesis.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.61-64
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• 2013

Infection-induced acute hepatitis complicated with acute pancreatitis is associated with hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus or hepatitis E virus. Although rare, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection should be considered also in the differential diagnosis if the patient has acute hepatitis combined with pancreatitis. We report a case of EBV infection with cholestatic hepatitis and pancreatitis with review of literature. An 11-year-old female was admitted due to 1-day history of abdominal pain and vomiting without any clinical symptoms of infectious mononucleosis. Diagnosis of reactivated EBV infection was made by the positive result of viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgM, VCA IgG, Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen and heterophile antibody test. We performed serologic tests and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography to exclude other viral or bacterial infection, autoimmune disorder, and structural problems. The patient's symptoms recovered rapidly and blood chemistry returned to normal with conservative treatment similar to previously reported cases.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.3879-3884
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• 2014

Background: In chronic hepatitis B (CHB), the presence of hepatic steatosis (HS) seems to be associated with known host and viral factors which may influence the long-term prognosis of chronic hepatitis B (CHB), probably leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Different from chronic hepatitis C (CHC), factors associated with HS in CHB are not clearly explored. Materials and Methods: 160 CHB patients were divided into two groups depending on the results of liver biopsy. Group I consisted of 71 patients with confirmed steatosis. Group II comprised 89 patients without steatosis. The groups were compared in terms of basal characteristics, body mass index (BMI), liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), serum fasting blood sugar (FBS) and lipids, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), viral load, and histological findings. Results: In terms of host factors, male gender, older age, BMI, high serum FBS and lipid levels were associated with HS. On the other hand, ALT levels, the HAI scores of necroinflammation and stage of fibrosis did not associate with HS. On multivariate analysis, parameters of sex, BMI, cholesterol and FBS levels were independently associated with HS. Regarding viral factors, HBeAg negativity was significantly associated with HS (81.7%, p value 0.006), but not HBV DNA level (p value 0.520). Conclusions: HS in CHB appears to be unrelated to the status of HBV replication. However, fibrosis progression in CHB is related to variable host factors. HS may be enhanced through these factors in HBV chronic patients.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2005

목 적: 소아에서 발생하는 급성 간염 중 많은 빈도를 차지하는 비-A, B, C 바이러스성 간염의 원인과 간염의 임상적 특징 및 경과에 대한 임상 양상에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 2001년 1월부터 2004년 6월까지 부산대학교병원 소아과에서 급성 간염으로 진단된 환자 중 독성, 대사성, 자가 면역성 간염과 신생아 간염은 제외하고 A형, B형, C형의 간염 바이러스 표지자 검사에서 음성 판정을 받은 총 45명의 환아를 대상으로 하여 후향적으로 원인 및 임상적 특징을 분석하였다. 결과: 1) 45명 중 원인 불명의 바이러스성 간염이 26명(57.8%)이었고, CMV 간염이 14명(31.1%), EBV와 HSV 간염이 각각 2명(4.4%), RV 간염이 1명(2.2%)이었다. 2) 남녀비는 1.8 : 1 이었고, 1세 이하가 27명(60.0%)이었다. 3) 여름에 환자 발생이 18명(40.4%)으로 가장 많았고, 동반 증상으로는 발열 13명(28.9%), 오심 또는 구토 12명(26.7%), 황달 10명(22.2%), 설사 8명(17.8%)의 순으로 많았다. 4) 신체 검사에서 간종대가 15명(33.3%), 공막 및 피부 황달 10명(22.2%), 비종대 9명(20.0%)이었다. 5) 임상 경과는 전형적인 급성 간염이 43명(95.6%), 전격성 간염이 2명(4.4%)이었으며, 한 명은 간부전으로 사망했다. 6) 혈청 ALT의 최고치는 $488.7{\pm}771.9IU/L$였고, 원인 불명의 간염이 $606.2{\pm}962.2IU/L$로 비교적 높았다. 7) 혈청 ALT는 2년 동안 경과 추적이 가능했던 38명 중 31명(81.6%)이 6개월 이내에, 4명(10.5%)이 1년 이내에 정상화되었다. 3명(7.9%)이 1년 이상 증가되었지만, 1년 6개월 이내에 모두 정상화되었다. 8) 혈액학적 이상으로 백혈구 증가증이 17명(47.2%)이었고, 재생 불량성 빈혈, 비정형적 림프구증가증, 혈소판 감소증이 각각 1명(2.8%) 있었다. 결 론: 비-A, B, C형 바이러스성 간염은 대부분 예후가 양호하나, 임상적으로 만성 간염의 경과를 보인 경우도 있고 전격성 간염으로 진행한 경우가 있으므로 면밀한 관찰이 필요하다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.3663-3667
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• 2012

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the hepatitis C virus (HCV) are still public health problems in Yemen, with older individuals having much higher prevalence than younger generations. However, research on the prevalence of viral hepatitis in association with hepatocellular cancer (HCC) has not yet been undertaken in Yemen. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HBV and HCV infection among HCC patients and to estimate the risk of these infections being associated with the development of HCC. A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients attending oncology outpatient in Sana'a, Yemen, through the period 2008-mid 2010 with confirmed diagnosis of HCC. A total of 88 cases were studied thoroughly with different investigations such as CT-scan, ultrasound, tumour marker, alpha-feto-protein and histopathological biopsy. A structured questionnaire was also applied and physical examination done to assess the general condition of the patients. Statistical package (SPSS version 16) was used for analysis of the data. The mean age of the cases was 61.2 years (${\pm}12.6$) with half over 60 years. There were fewer male patients (36%) compared to females and most (97%) only had basic /no formal education. Seventy nine (89%) were diagnosed as HCC cases with histopathological biopsy while the rest were diagnosed by ultrasound, CT scan, tumour marker, and alpha-feto-protein. Around one-third of the subjects were positive for HBsAg and HCV antibodies. Multivariate analysis showed infection with HCV and use of smoking was associated with HCC diagnosis. Although an association was observed between the occurrence of HCC and viral hepatitis (either HBV or HCV) and cigarette smoking, but the rate of viral infection was lower than what has been reported elsewhere.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.20-26
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• 2006

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and systemic inflammatory disease that is characterized by invasive synovial hyperplasia, leading to progressive joint destruction. Recent studies have described that RA is caused by virus, bacteria or outside material. Approximately 2 to 20% of RA cases arc reported to be associated with infected hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, the mechanisms underlying virus-induced RA are still unknown. Moreover, few molecular studies have addressed the inflammatory aspects of HCV-associated autoimmune RA. In this study, we aimed to determine whe ther or not another HCV core protein transactivates the IL-8 gene expression, prototypic chemokine, in synovial cell. Methods: To establish the HCV core expressing stable synovial cell line, pCI-neo-core, a plasmid encoding HCV core protein, were transfected to HIG-82 cell line that is an established cell line from rabbit periaricular soft tissue. We examined the morphological changes and cell cycle distribution of HIG-82 cells with expression of HCV core protein by inverted microscopy and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. Also, we determined the mRNA levels of Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 related to the inflammation by RT-PCR and then analyzed regulation of IL-8 expression by the NF-${\kappa}B$ pathway. Results: Our study showed no significant differences in morphology and cell cycle between HIG-82 control cell line and HIG-82 expressing HCV core protein. However, expression of HCV core protein induces the IL-8 mRNA expression in HIG-82 core cells via activated NF-${\kappa}B$ pathway. Conclusion: These results suggest that HCV core protein can lead to enhanced IL-8 expression. Such a proinflammatory role may contribute to the etiologic pathogenesis in RA patients with HCV infection.