• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.394-409
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• 1994

The symbiotic activities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) such as spore density, symbiotic intensity and vesicle density, phytomasses of higher plants such as Calamagrostis epigeios, Imperata cylindria, Artemisia scoparia, Aster tripolium and Sonchus brachyotus and seasonal change of the AMF activities, electric conductivity and zinc contents in plant and soil were determined in the rhizospheres of higher plants at abandoned old coastal reclaimed lands, where constructed in 12 and 30 years ago. If plants of reclaimed land classified to salinity, symbiotic activities of AMF were high in order of obligate halophyte, facultative halophyte and glycophyte. Also, those plants classified to life form, symbiotic activities of AMF were high in order of annual, biennial and perennial plants. Seasonal variation of spore density, one of symbiotic activities showed that the plateau density maintained continuously from the end of growing season of the higher plants to next spring. For this reason, it regarded that reproduction of AMF spore would be formed in autumn, when the higher plants will be developed. Seasonal change of symbiosis intensity, other symbiotic activities, however, showed that the highest symbiosis intensity occurred in spring and summer but the lowest in autumn. In relationships among symbiotic activities, spore density was directry proportional increase of symbiosis intensity. Moreover, phytomass of higher plants also was directly proportional to increase the spore density as well as symbiosis intensity. Vesicle density, however, did not any correlation with the phytomass, spore density and symbiosis intensity. From these results, it can know that both spore density and symbiosis intensity are strongly possible to use as the measure of symbiotic activity owing to symbiosis of tho-AMF, the more absorption of zinc by the higher plants carried out the less concentration of zinc in the soil.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.83-87
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• 2014

Electron tomography (ET) is a useful tool to investigate three-dimensional details based on virtual slices of relative thick specimen, and it requires complicated procedures consisted of image acquisition steps and image processing steps with computer program. Although the complicated step, this technique allows us to overcome some limitations of conventional transmission electron microscopy: (1) overlapping of information in the ultrathin section covering from 30 nm to 90 nm when we observe very small structures, (2) fragmentation of the information when we study larger structures over 100 nm. There are remarkable biological findings with ET, especially in the field of neuroscience, although it is not popular yet. Understanding of behavior of synaptic vesicle, active zone, pooling and fusion in the presynaptic terminal have been enhanced thanks to ET. Some sophisticated models of postsynaptic density with ET and immune labeling are introduced recently. In this review, we introduce principles, practical steps of ET and some recent researches in synapse biology.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.205-210
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• 2008

The transformation of the liquid crystal complex made by binding of anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), into high charge density cationic polymer, the homopolymer of diallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) was induced by adding of nonionic surfactants and investigated by means of microscopy and FE.SEM. Among nonionic surfactants in this experiments polyethylene glycol (3 mol) ether of lauryl alcohol (laureth-3) made variation in the complex. The laureth-3 transformed the complex into spherulite vesicle with the size of ca.$100{\mu}m$. This change increased the viscosity and the turbidity of the solution phase separated originally. Microscope showed that they are spherulite particles and polarized microscope suggested they are multi.lamellar liquid crystals. FE-SEM also proved that explicitly.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.325-332
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• 1990

Light membrane vesicles were isolated from the zucchini hypocotyl by floatation on ficoll density gradients and the proteins were solubilized with Triton X100. Three ATP-hydrolyzing enzymes were partially purified by ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography and isoelectric focusing. There are plasma membrane-type ATPase whose activity was inhibited by vanadate but not by nitrate, tonoplast-type ATPase which was sensitive to nitrate but insensitive to vanadate and one having a phosphatase activity with a pI value different from that of an acid phosphatase. A fraction was obtained after DEAE-ion-exchange chromatography crossreacting with polyclonal antibodies against Ca2+ -ATPase from human erythrocytes.

• BMB Reports
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.182-187
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• 2010

family (CMTM) is a novel family of proteins linking classical chemokines and the transmembrane 4 superfamily (TM4SF). Our earlier studies indicated several CMTM members (such as CKLF1 and CMTM2) have a secreted form. This is the first report of the secreted form of CMTM5-v1, the major RNA splicing form of CMTM5, which is produced as small vesicles (<100 nm diameter) and floats at a peak density of 1.19 g/ml on continuous sucrose gradients. CMTM5-v1 has no obvious co-localization with CD63 or Golgi complex. In addition, brefeldin A but not wortmannin can inhibit the secretion of CMTM5-v1. Our results suggest that CMTM5-v1 might be secreted via a different vesicle-mediated secretory pathway, which will be helpful for the studies of vesicle-mediated secretion and MARVEL domain-containing proteins.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.63-74
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• 1995

The development of pale chub oocyte from the immature oogonium to mature oocyte was investigated by light and electron microscope. The cytoplasm of pale chub oogonia was acidic and many vesicles were located at inner side of nuclear membrane. In primary oocytes, yolk vesicles were distributed in cytoplasm. Also, fibrous materials and protuberances were distributed on the surface of zona radiata. The nucleus of secondary oocyte was enlarged and yolk vesicles in cytoplasm migrated to zona radiata. In early egg, yolk mass are formed and yolk vesicles were located at inner side of zona radiata. Three-layered zona radiata was about $3{\mu}m$ in thickness. The three layers were an outer fibrous material layer, a middle nurse cell layer in which microvilli of early egg cytoplasm contact with processes of nurse cells, and an inner layer with high electron density. In mature egg, euchromatin and a germinal vesicle were developed, mitochondria, free ribosomes, and yolk mass were distributed in cytoplasm. But, yolk vesicles were disappeared. Specially, zona radiata of matured eggs were better thin than the one of immature eggs In conclusion, it is summerized that the oogenesis of pale chub were the increase of cell size, the formation and accumulation of yolk, the decrease in nucleat electron density, changes of zona radiata, and the development of microvilli.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.307-318
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• 1988

Properties of succinate transport were examined in basolaterat membrane vesicles (BLMV) isolated from rabbit renal cortex. An inwardly directed $Na^+$ gradient stimulated succinate uptake and led to a transient overshoot. $K^+,{\;}Li^+,{\;}Rb^+$ and choline could not substitute for $Na^+$ in the uptake process. The dependence of the initial uptake rate of succinate on $Na^+$ concentration exhibited sigmoidal kinetics, indicating interaction of more than one $Na^+$ with transporter Hill coefficient for $Na^+$ was calculated to be 2.0. The $Na^+-dependent$ succinate uptake was electrogenic, resulting in the transfer of positive charge across the membrane. The succinate uptake into BLMV showed a pH optimum at external pH $7.5{\sim}8.0$, whereas succinate uptake into brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) did not depend on external pH. Kinetic analysis showed that a Na-dependent succinate uptake in BLMV occurred via a single transport system, with an apparent Km of $15.5{\pm}0.94{\;}{\mu}M$ and Vmax of $16.22{\pm}0.25{\;}nmole/mg{\;}protein/min$. Succinate uptake was strongly inhibited by $4{\sim}5$ carbon dicarboxylates, whereas monocarboxylates and other organic anions showed a little or no effect. The succinate transport system preferred dicarboxylates in trans-configuration (furmarate) over cis-dicarboxylates (maleate). Succinate uptake was inhibited by the anion transport inhibitors DIDS, SITS and furosemide, and $Na^+-coupled$ transport inhibitor harmaline. These results indicate the existence of a $Na^+-dependent$ succinate transport system in BLMV that may be shared by the other Krebs cycle intemediates. This transport system seems to be very similar to the luminal transport system for dicarboxylates.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.459-469
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• 2019

We present a quantitative evaluation of density, vesicularity and microtextures for coarse lapilli collected from the Jugam Scoria Deposits, northeastern Ulleung Island. Lapilli from the deposits have modal vesicularities of 61% in the lower part and 67% in the upper part, and vesicle populations dominated by non-interconnected subround vesicles. Clasts of modal vesicularity have margin-parallel zonation, with subaerially quenched rims interpreted to preserve "syn-fragmentation" magmatic textures in microlite-free sideromelane rims, grading "post-fragmentation" tachylitic interiors with vesicle and microlite textures that progressively coarsen from rim to interior. Degassing scenarios are linked to syn-fragmentation vesicle textures to demonstrate that the magmas degassed in dominantly closed systems. And diffusion-controlled cooling rates of trachyandesitic pyroclasts in contact with atmosphere are linked to post-fragmentation evolution of vesicle and microlite textures to infer about transportation and dispersal of the pyroclasts in low shooting jets. These textural analyses show that the Jugam eruptions were strictly applied to the strombolian type, analogous to the hawaiian type among any classical subaerial eruption type.

• ALGAE
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.283-294
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• 2023

Previous research indicated that free-living sporangial filament keep hollow morph under high-culture density and form bipartite cells under low-culture density, while the following conchospore release was inhibited by high light. Here, we further explored the molecular bases of these affects caused by light and culture density using a transcriptome analysis. Many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to carbon dioxide concentration and fixation, photosynthesis, chlorophyll synthesis and nitrogen absorption were upregulated under high-light conditions compared with low-light conditions, indicating the molecular basis of rapid vegetative growth under the former. The stress response- and ion transport-related DEGs, as well as the gene encoding the vacuole formation-brefeldin A-inhibited guanine nucleotide exchange protein (BIG, py05721), were highly expressed under high-density conditions, indicating the molecular basis of the hollow morph of free-living sporangial filaments under high-culture density conditions. Additionally, the brefeldin A treatment indicated that the hollow morph was directly influenced by vacuole formation-related vesicle traffic. Others DEGs related to cell wall components, zinc-finger proteins, ASPO1527, cell cycle and cytoskeleton were highly expressed in the low density with low-light group, which might be related to the formation and release of conchospores. These results provide a deeper understanding of sporangial filaments in Neopyropia yezoensis and related species.

• BMB Reports
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.22-26
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• 1996

Agents that activate or inhibit the $Ca^{2+}$ release channel in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) were tested for their abilities to affect the activity of the SR $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase. Vesicles of junctional SR (heavy SR, HSR) from terminal cisternae were prepared from porcine cardiac muscle by density gradient centrifugation. The steady-state activity of $Ca^{2+}$-ATPases in intact HSR vesicles was/$347{\pm}5\;nmol/min{\cdot}mg$ protein (${\pm}$ SD). When the HSR vesicles were made leaky, the activity was increased to $415{\pm}5\;nmol/min{\cdot}mg$ protein. This increase is probably due to the uncoupling of HSR vesicles. Caffeine (10 mM), an agonist of the SR $Ca^{2+}$ release channel, increased $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase activity in the intact HSR vesicle preparation to $394{\pm}30\;nmol/min{\cdot}mg$ protein. However, caffeine had no significant effect in the leaky vesicle preparation and in the purified $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase preparation. The effect of caffeine on SR $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase was investigated at various concentrations of $Ca^{2+}$. Caffeine increased the pump activity over the whole range of $Ca^{2+}$ concentrations, from $1\;{\mu}M$ to $250\;{\mu}M$, in the intact HSR vesicles. When the SR $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase was inhibited by thapsigargin, no caffeine effect was observed. These results imply that the caffeine effect requires the intact vesicles and that the increase in $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase activity is not due to a direct interaction of caffeine with the enzyme. We propose that the activity of SR $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase is linked indirectly to the activity of the $Ca^{2+}$ release channel (ryanodine receptor) and may depend upon the amount of $Ca^{2+}$ released by the channels.