• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate exophytically vertical bone formation in the mandibular premolar area of beagle dogs by the concept of guided bone regeneration with a titanium reinforced e-PTFE membrane combined with human demineralized freeze-dried bone. Materials and Methods: Four one-year old beagle dogs were divided into control and experimental group. All mandibular premolars were extracted and surgical vertical defects of 5 mm in height were created in the extracted sockets. At 8 weeks after the extraction, TR e-PTFE membrane sized with 8 mm in length, 5 mm in width, and 4 mm in height was placed on the decorticated mandible, fixed with metal pins and covered with full-thickness flap and assigned as control group. In experimental group, decorticated mandibule was treated with TR e-PTFE membrane and human demineralized freeze-dried bone. The animals were sacrificed at 16 weeks after the regenerative surgery, and new bone formation was assessed by histomorphometric as well as statistical analysis. Results: Average of new bone formation was 38% in the control group, whereas was 25% in the experimental group (p<0.05). Average of connective tissue formation was 42% in the experimental group, whereas was 30% in the control group (p<0.05). The lamellar bone formation with haversian canals was observed in the both groups. In the experimental group, the particles of human demineralized freeze-dried bone were observed after 16 weeks and complete resorption of graft was not observed. Conclusion: On the basis of these findings, we conclude that titanium reinforced e-PTFE membrane may be used alone for vertical guided bone regeneration, but demineralized freeze-dried bone has no additional effect on vertical guided bone regeneration.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제41권
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• pp.36.1-36.8
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• 2019

Background: This study aims to examine the outcome of simultaneous maxillary sinus lifting, bone grafting, and vertical ridge augmentation through retrospective studies. Methods: From 2005 to 2010, patients with exhibited severe alveolar bone loss received simultaneous sinus lifting, bone grafting, and vertical ridge augmentations were selected. Fifteen patients who visited in Seoul National University Bundang Hospital were analyzed according to clinical records and radiography. Postoperative complications; success and survival rate of implants; complications of prosthesis; implant stability quotient (ISQ); vertical resorption of grafted bone after 1, 2, and 3 years after surgery; and final observation and marginal bone loss were evaluated. Results: The average age of the patients was 54.2 years. Among the 33 implants, six failed to survive and succeed, resulting in an 81.8% survival rate and an 81.8% success rate. Postoperative complications were characterized by eight cases of ecchymosis, four cases of exposure of the titanium mesh or membrane, three cases of periimplantitis, three cases of hematoma, two cases of sinusitis, two cases of fixture fracture, one case of bleeding, one case of numbness, one case of trismus, and one case of fixture loss. Prosthetic complications involved two instances of screw loosening, one case of abutment fracture, and one case of food impaction. Resorption of grafted bone material was 0.23 mm after 1 year, 0.47 mm after 2 years, 0.41 mm after 3 years, and 0.37 mm at the final observation. Loss of marginal bone was 0.12 mm after 1 year, and 0.20 mm at final observation. Conclusions: When sinus lifting, bone grafting, and vertical ridge augmentation were performed simultaneously, postoperative complications increased, and survival rates were lower. For positive long-term prognosis, it is recommended that a sufficient recovery period be needed before implant placement to ensure good bone formation, and implant placement be delayed.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.341-356
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of demineralized freeze dried bone and demineralized bone gel with guided tissue regeneration treatment around titanium implants with dehisced bony defects and also evaluate space maintaining capacity of demineralized bone gel type and DFDB powder type under e-PTFE membrane. In 3 Beagle dogs, mandibular premolar was extracted and four peri-implant osteotomies were formed for dehiscence. After insertion of implants, the four peri-implant defects were treated as follows. 1) In control group. no graft material and barrier membrane were applied. 2) In experimental group.1, the site was covered only with the e-PTFE membrane. 3) In experimental group 2,received DFDB powder and covered by the e-PTFE membrane. 4) In experimental group 3, demineralized bone gel and e-PTFE membrane were used. By random selection, animals were sacrificed at 4, 8, 12 weeks. The block sectioned specimens were prepared for decalcified histologic evaluation(hematoxylin and eosin staining) and undecalcified histologic evahiation(Von Kossa's and toluidine blue staining) with light microscopy. The results of this study were as follows. 1) In control group, there was a little new bone formation and connective tissue was completely filled in the defect area. 2) Experimental group 1 showed lesser quantity of bone formation as compared to the bone grafted group. Thin vertical growth of new bone formation around implant fixture was shown. 3) Experimental group 2 showed thick bucco-lingual growth of new bone formation and grafted bone particles were almost resorbed in 12 week group. 4) In experimental group 3, most grafted bone particles were not resorbed in 12 week group and thick bucco-lingual bone formation was shown in dehisced defect base area. 5) There was no remarkable differences in space making capacity and new bone formation procedure between demineralized freeze-dried bone powder type and demineralized bone gel type.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.223-237
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• 2006

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of bone graft materials including deproteinized bovine bone(DBB), demineralized freeze-dried bone(DFDB), freeze-dried bone(FDB) on bone formation in guided bone regeneration using perforated titanium membrane(TM). 16 adult male rabbits(mean BW 2kg) were used in this study and 4 rabbits allotted to each test group. Intramarrow penetration(diameter 6.5mm) was done with round carbide bur on calvaria to promote blood supply and clot formation in the wound area. The test groups were devided into 4 groups as follows: TM only(test 1), TM +DBB(test 2), TM +DFDB(test 3), TM +FDB(test 4). Perforated titanium membrane was contoured in rectangular parallelepiped shape(0.5mm pore diameter, 10mm in one side, 2mm in inner height), filled the each graft material and placed on the decorticated carvaria. Perforated titanium membrane was fixed with resorbable suture materials. The animals were sacrificed at 2, 8 weeks after the surgery. Non-decalcified preparations were routinely processed for histologic analysis. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Perforated titanium membrane was biocompatible. 2. Perforated titanium membrane had capability of maintaining the space during the healing period but invasion of soft tissue through the perforations of titanium membrane decreased the space available for bone formation. 3. In test 1 group without bone graft material, the amount of bone formation and bone maturation was better than other test groups. 4. Among the graft materials, the effect of freeze-dried bone on bone formation was best. 5. In the test groups using deproteinized bovine bone, demineralized freeze-dried bone, bone formation was a little. The spacemaking capability of the membrane may be crucial for bone formation. The combined treatment with the perforated titanium membrane and deproteinized bovine bone or demineralized freeze-dried bone failed to demonstrate any added effect in the bone formation. Minimization of size and numbers of perforations of titanium membrane or use of occlusive titanium membrane might be effective to acquire predictable results in the vertical bone formation.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.791-803
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate exophytically vertical bone formation in residual ridge of the beagle dog by the concept of guided bone regeneration with a titanium reinforced e-PTFE membrane combined with irradiated cancellous human bone. Twelve male beagle dogs(mean age 1.5 years and mean weight 12kg) were used for this study. The alveolar ridges after extraction of all mandibular premolars were surgically and horizontally removed. At 8 weeks after extractions, full-thickness flap was reflected and cortical bone was removed with round bur and copious irrigation. Rectangular parallelepiped(10mm in length, 5mm in width, and 4mm in height) bended with titanium-reinforced e-PTFE(TR e-PTFE) membrane was placed on the decorticated alveolar ridge, fixed with metal pins and covered with full-thickness flap and assigned as a control group. Test groups ere treated with TR e-PTFE membrane filled with irradiated cancellous human bone. Of twelve beagle dogs, four control dogs and four test dogs without membrane exposure to oral cavity were sacrificed at 8 and 16 weeks respectively. The surgical sites were dissected out, fixed in 4% buffered formaldehyde, dyed using a Villanueva staining technique, and processed for embedding in plastic resin. The cutting and grinding methods were routinely processed for histologic and histomophometric analyis of exophytic bone formation as well as statistical analysis. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Exophytic bone formation in the both of experimental groups was increased respectively after surgery from 23.40% at 8 weeks to 46.26% at 16 weeks in the control groups, from 40.23% at 8 weeks to 47.11% at 16 weeks in the test groups(p<0.05). 2. At 8 weeks after surgery, exophytic bone formation was made 40.23% in the test groups and 33.40% in the control groups. Exophytic bone formation was significantly made in the test group more than in the control group. At 16 weeks after surgery, exophytic bone formation was made 44.11% in the test groups and 46.26% in the control groups. Exophytic bone formation was made in the test groups more than in the control groups, but there was no statistically significant differences. 3. The membrane was fixed with metal pins to closely contact it to the bone surface. So, collapse and deviation of the membrane could be prevented and in growth of connective tissue also could be blocked from the periphery of the membrane. On the basis of these findings, wee suggest that intraoral experimental model for exophytic bone formation may be effective to evaluate the effect of bone graft material. And it indicates that combined use of membrane and ICB graft material is more effective than use of membrane only for exophytic bone formation.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.276-282
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• 2008

Objective: This is to report the efficacy of the sandwich technique for bone augmentation in a moderate atrophic posterior mandible through clinical and histological results in two cases. Subjects and Method: Two patients selected had moderate bone resorption in left lower edentulous area. Sandwich osteotomy using the piezosurgery was performed and the osteomized alveolar segments were elevated by 6mm in each two patients. The interpositional mineral allograft materials were inserted in the atrophic posterior mandibles. After four months healing period, bone biopsies in the grafted areas and placement of dental implants were performed. In both cases, panoramic views were taken preoperatively to measure the alveolar bone height for diagnosis, to monitor patient healing, and to evaluate bone healing and bone gain. Results: Sufficient vertical bone height was gained by using the sandwich technique and implants were placed successfully. In radiological evaluation, there was minimal resorption of bone height after the second operation and in histomorphometric evaluation, they showed favorable new bone formation without inflammation in the grafted areas. Conclusion: The sandwich technique can be an effective choice for augmenting vertical bone height in the atrophic mandible. More of cases and long term follow-up are needed to evaluate bone resorption and implant prognosis.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.259-265
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• 2010

연구 목적: $\beta$-Tricalcium phosphate/Hydroxyapatite ($\beta$-TCP/HA) 입자가 혼합된 합성 골 이식재의 particle size가 토끼의 두개골에서 타이타늄 메쉬를 이용해 시행된 골유도 재생술의 결과에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 여섯 마리의 수컷 뉴질랜드 산 백토끼 (5 kg)를 이용하여 실험 하였다. 토끼 두개골의 정 중앙을 절개하고 전층 판막을 형성하여 박리하였다. 두개골의 네 부위에 6 mm 직경의 트레핀 바 (XTP 5406; Dentium, Seoul, Korea)로 원형의 홈을 형성한 후 blood supply를 위해 원형의 홈안에 1 mm 직경의 라운드 바로 다섯 개의 작은 구멍을 형성하였다. 형성된 네 개의 홈 위에 표준화되어 맞춤 제작된 반구형 타이타늄 메쉬 (높이 3 mm, 직경 6 mm; Dentium, Seoul, Korea)를 위치시키고 세 개의 2 mm 길이의 티타늄 핀 (Dentium, Seoul, Korea)을 이용하여 고정하였다. 대조군은 이식재를 포함시키지 않았고 나머지 타이타늄 메쉬들은 실험군으로서 서로 다른 세 가지 크기의 이식재를 각각 담아서 고정하였다. 이식재 ($Osteon^{(R)}$, Dentium, Seoul, Korea)의 성분은 HA와 $\beta$-TCP ($\beta$-TCP/HA)가 혼합되어 있는 합성골 이식재이며 실험군으로 사용한 이식재의 크기는 각각 small (0.3 - 0.5 mm), medium (0.5 - 1.0 mm), large (1.0 - 2.0 mm) size 였다. 8주의 치유기간 후에 토끼를 희생시킨 후 조직 표본을 제작하고 CCD 카메라 (Polaroid DMC2 digital Microscope Camera (Polaroid Corporation, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA))가 부착되어 있는 광학 현미경 (Olympus BX, Tokyo, Japan)을 이용하여 두 가지 배율 (12.5배, 40배)로 조직학적 소견을 관찰하였다. 신생 골부위와 남은 골이식재 부위의 넓이를 측정하여 타이타늄 메쉬 내부 공간에서 차지하는 면적의 비율(%)을 구하였다. 그 수치들을 Mann-Whitney U-test와 Wilcoxon signed rank-test를 이용하여 통계 분석하였다 ($\alpha$ = .05). 결과: 대조군과 $\beta$-TCP/HA를 이식한 나머지 세 군의 신생골 형성을 비교하면 통계적으로 유의하게 $\beta$-TCP/HA를 이식한 군에서 신생골 형성이 더 많았다 (P = .003). 서로 다른 particle size 간 비교에서는 신생골 형성에 있어서 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 하지만 형성된 수직골 총량 (신생골과 이식골의 면적의 합)을 각 그룹 간에 비교해 보면 대조군보다 $\beta$-TCP/HA를 이식한 군이 통계적으로 더 많은 비율을 나타내었고 (P = .001), 특히 $\beta$-TCP/HA 이식 군간 비교에서는 medium size 군이 large particle size 군보다 통계적으로 더 큰 면적을 나타내었다 (P = .039). 그러나 large particle size 군과 small particle size 군 사이 그리고 medium size 군과 small particle size 군 사이에는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다 (P> .05). 결론: 티타늄 메쉬를 이용한 수직골 증대술에서 $\beta$-TCP/HA 합성골을 사용하는 경우 수직골 형성에 기여하며 특히 medium size (0.5 - 1.0 mm)의 $\beta$-TCP/HA 이식재가 large size 이식재 보다 더 우수한 수직골 형성의 결과를 보였다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.437-449
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• 2001

The socket preservation procedure was a simple and effective technique, and has better prognosis for implantation. The socket preservation usually used barrier membrane in combination with/without alloplastic bone materials. A recently study had shown that a regenerative therapy to tooth extraction utilizing growth factors made better results. Platelet-rich plasma was clinically easy method that acquired the growth factors, and is known that accelerated new bone formation and mineralization of bone graft materials. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical and histopathologic results which occur following socket preservations using platelet-rich plasma and bovine bone powder. Twelve patients who required extraction of one or more teeth for implantation at the department of periodontics in Dankook University Dental Hospital were selected. Extraction sockets were treated by using platelet-rich plasma and bovine bone powder. 3 months later, we observed clinical and histopathological results as follows: 1. Internal vertical measurement was an average of 7.33mm preoperatively and statistically significantly decreased to an average of 1.42mm postoperatively(p<0.05). 2. External vertical measurement was an average of 3.33mm preoperatively and decreased to an average of 2.75mm postoperatively; therefore there was no significant difference. 3. Horizontal measurement was an average of 7.75mm preoperatively and statistically decreased to an average of 6.08mm postoperatively(p<0.05). 4. Osteocyte-like cells and new bone formation connected with bovine bone grafts were observed in histopathologic examination. This study implied that platelet-rich plasma and bovine bone powder grafts were effective treatment for socket preservation and regeneration of severe bony defect made by implantation failure.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제37권
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• pp.2.1-2.9
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• 2015

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of autogenous tooth bone as a graft material for regeneration of bone in vertical bony defects of the minipigs. Material and Methods: Six minipigs were used in this study. Four molars were extracted in the right mandibular dentition and sent to the Korea Tooth Bank for fabrication of autogenous tooth bone. Ten days later, each extraction site was implanted with MS Implant Narrow Ridge $3.0{\times}10mm$ fixture (Osstem, Seoul, Korea) after standardized 2mm-sized artificial vertical bony defect formation. Pineappleshaped Root-On type autogenous tooth bones were applied to the vertical defects around the neck area of the posterior three fixtures and the fore-most one was not applied with autogenous bone as a control group. Each minipig was sacrificed at 4, 8, 12 weeks after fixture installation and examined radiologically and histologically. Histological evaluation was done under light microscope with Villanueva osteochrome bone staining with semi-quantitative histomorphometric study. Percentage of new bone over total area (NBF) and bone to implant contact (BIC) ratio were evaluated using digital software for area calculation. Result: NBF were $48.15{\pm}18.02%$, $45.50{\pm}28.37%$, and $77.13{\pm}15.30%$ in 4, 8, and 12 weeks, respectively for experimental groups. The control group showed $37.00{\pm}11.53%$, $32.25{\pm}26.99%$, and $1.33{\pm}2.31%$ in 4,8,12 weeks, respectively. BIC ratio were $53.08{\pm}19.82%$, $45.00{\pm}28.37%$, and $75.13{\pm}16.55%$ in 4,8,12 weeks, respectively. Those for the control groups were $38.33{\pm}6.43%$, $33.50{\pm}29.51%$, and $1.33{\pm}2.31%$ in 4, 8, 12 weeks, respectively. Conclusion: Autogenous tooth bone showed higher score than control group in NBF and BIC in all the data encompassing 4,8,12 weeks specimens, but statistically significant only 12 weeks data in both NBF and BIC.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.107-118
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• 2007

Statement of problem: Implant-type distractor uses a removable distraction device that has an appearance similar to that of a dental implant and utilizes many of the same techniques for placement as are used for dental implants. Material and method: In this study, 48 implant type titanium distractors were inserted into the osteotomized alveolar bone of 12 beagle dogs. After a 7-day latency period, the alveolar bone was augmented by 5mm vertically at a rate of 1.0 mm/day. The dogs were sacrificed after 4weeks, 8weeks and 12 weeks for radiographic, histologic, and histomorphometric analysis. Result: Copper equivalent value showed significant difference between 4 weeks and the other weeks(8, 12 weeks)(p<0.05). But there was no significant difference between maxillary and mandibular groups. In the bone to metal contact analysis, there was a significant difference between 4 weeks and 12 weeks(p<0.05). On the contrary, there was no significant difference between maxilla and mandible. The bone area showed significantly higher values in 12 weeks compared to 4 weeks(p<0.05). Histologically mineralization began at the host bone margins. At 12 weeks, increasing accumulation of $Ca^{++}$ element was confirmed. Conclusion: From the results above, the new bone formation was increased according to consolidation period. Especially there was significant difference between 4 weeks and 12 weeks(p<0.05). Implant type distractors used in this study to augment vertical ridge defect may prove to be a clinically useful treatment option in selected cases.