• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.1243-1250
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 VPI 환자 음성을 정상인 음성으로 복원하기 위한 기술의 단계로서 효과적인 VPI 음성 인식 기술을 소개한다. 소량의 VPI 환자 음성을 모델 적응에 효과적으로 사용하기 위해 정상인의 모의 음성을 이용하여 화자 적응을 위한 사전 모델로 이용하는 기법을 제안한다. MLLR 기법을 이용한 화자 적응을 통해 평균 83.60%의 인식률을 보이고, 모의 음성 모델을 화자 적응의 사전 모델로 이용함으로써 평균 6.38%의 인식률 향상을 가져온다. 음소 인식 평가 결과는 제안한 화자 적응 방식이 대폭적인 음성 인식 성능 향상을 가져오는 것을 증명한다. 이러한 결과는 본 논문에서 제안하는 모의 음성 모델을 이용한 화자 적응 기법이 대량의 VPI 환자 음성을 취득하기 어려운 조건에서 보다 향상된 성능의 VPI 환자 음성 인식기를 구축하는데 효과적임을 입증한다.

• 음성과학
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.23-37
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• 2001

The primary sound produced by the vibration of vocal folds reaches the velopharyngeal isthmus and is directed both nasally and orally. The proportions of the each component is determined by the anatomical and functional status of the soft palate. The oral sounds composed of oral vowels and consonants according to the status of vocal tract, tongue, palate and lips. The nasal sounds composed of nasal consonants and nasal vowels, and further modified according to the status of the nasal airway, so anatomical abnormalities in the nasal cavity will influence nasal sound. The measurement of nasal sounds of speech has relied on the subjective scoring by listeners. The nasal sounds are described with nasality and nasalization. Generally, nasality has been assessed perceptually in the effect of maxillofacial procedures for cleft palate, sleep apnea, snoring and nasal disorders. The nasalization is considered as an acoustic phenomenon. Snoring and sleep apnea is a typical disorders due to abundant velopharynx. The sleep apnea has been known as a cessation of breathing for at least 10 seconds during sleep. Several medical and surgical methods for treating sleep apnea have been attempted. The uvulopalatopharyngoplasty(UPPP) involves removal of 1.0 to 3.0 cm of soft palate tissue with removal of redundant oropharyngeal mucosa and lateral tissue from the anterior and sometimes posterior faucial pillars. This procedure results in a shortened soft palate and a possible risk following this surgery may be velopharyngeal malfunctioning due to the shortened palate. Few researchers have systematically studied the effects of this surgery as it relates to speech production. Some changes in the voice quality such as resonance (nasality), articulation, and phonation have been reported. In view of the conflicting reports discussed, there remains some uncertainty about the speech status in patients following the snoring and sleep apnea surgery. The study was conducted in two phases: 1) acoustic analysis of oral and nasal sounds, and 2) evaluation of nasality.

• 대한구순구개열학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.123-132
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to obtain normative nasalance scores for adult subjects speaking the Korean language. Additional objectives of the study were to determine if speaker sex played a role in differences in nasalance score and there was significantly correlation of nasalance score with nasalance slope score. The subjects include 75 healthy young Korean adults with normal oral and velopharyngeal resource and function. They had no history of speech problem, were judged as having normal speech and resonance at the time of testing, and had no upper respiratory tract infections or allergies at the time of testing. The Nasometer II 6400 was used to obtain nasalance scores and nasalance slope scores for /a/, /i/, /e/, /o/, /u/, /ja/, /je/, /wi/, /p'ap'i/ and /sasi/. The data of nasalance and nasalance slope were analyzed statistically. The mean nasalance score of the female was significantly higher than that of male at /a/, /i/, /wi/, /p'ap'i/ and /sasi/(p <0.10). The mean nasalance score of /i/ was highest and that of /o/ was the lowest. In this study, we could not and the relationship of the nasalance score and the closing slope score. However, there was negative correlation between the mean nasalance score and the opening slope score at ie/ and /;ai, positive to /sasi/. These normative nasalance scores for normal young adults speaking the Korean language provide important reference information for Korean cleft palate teams. In the future study of velopharygneal activity with the Nasometer, the opening slope score will be able to be the important parameter.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.344-349
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• 2014

Background An abnormally obtuse cranial base angle, also known as platybasia, is a common finding in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). Platybasia increases the depth of the velopharynx and is therefore postulated to contribute to velopharyngeal dysfunction. Our objective was to determine the clinical significance of platybasia in 22q11DS by exploring the relationship between cranial base angles and speech resonance. Methods In this retrospective chart review at a tertiary hospital, 24 children (age, 4.0-13.1 years) with 22q11.2DS underwent speech assessments and lateral cephalograms, which allowed for the measurement of the cranial base angles. Results One patient (4%) had hyponasal resonance, 8 (33%) had normal resonance, 10 (42%) had hypernasal resonance on vowels only, and 5 (21%) had hypernasal resonance on both vowels and consonants. The mean cranial base angle was $136.5^{\circ}$ (standard deviation, $5.3^{\circ}$; range, $122.3-144.8^{\circ}$). The Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant relationship between the resonance ratings and cranial base angles (P=0.242). Cranial base angles and speech ratings were not correlated (Spearman correlation=0.321, P=0.126). The group with hypernasal resonance had a significantly more obtuse mean cranial base angle ($138^{\circ}$ vs. $134^{\circ}$, P=0.049) but did not have a greater prevalence of platybasia (73% vs. 56%, P=0.412). Conclusions In this retrospective chart review of patients with 22q11DS, cranial base angles were not correlated with speech resonance. The clinical significance of platybasia remains unknown.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.1740-1748
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• 2014

본 논문에서는 구개인두부전증 (VPI) 환자 발음과 정상인의 모의 발음에 대한 듣기 평가와 음향 분석을 실시한다. 본 연구를 위해 음성 데이터 수집을 위해 50개의 단어, 모음 및 단음절로 이루어진 발음 목록을 설정한다. 듣기 평가실험의 편의를 위해 웹 기반의 듣기 평가 시스템을 구축한다. 듣기 평가 결과는 실제 VPI 환자의 발음에 대한 오인식 경향과 모의 발음의 오인식 경향이 유사함을 나타낸다. 이러한 유사성은 모음의 포먼트 위치와 자음의 스펙트럼의 비교를 통해서도 확인할 수 있다. 실험 결과는 본 연구에서 사용한 정상인의 VPI 모의 발화 기법이 실제 환자의 음성을 비교적 효과적으로 모의하는 것을 반영하는 결과이다. 향후 VPI 환자의 음성 인식 과정에서 정상인의 모의 발화음성 데이터를 음향 모델의 적응 기법과 같은 분야에 유용하게 사용할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2019

본 논문에서는 효과적으로 VPI 환자 음성을 인식하기 위해 DNN-HMM 하이브리드 구조의 음성 인식 시스템을 구축하고 기존의 GMM-HMM 기반의 음성 인식 시스템과의 성능을 비교한다. 정상인의 깨끗한 음성 데이터베이스를 이용하여 초기 모델을 학습하고 정상인의 VPI 모의 음성을 이용하여 VPI 환자 음성에 대한 화자 인식을 위한 기본 모델을 생성한다. VPI 환자의 화자 적응 시에는 DNN의 각 층 별 가중치 행렬을 부분적으로 학습하여 성능을 관찰한 결과 GMM-HMM 인식기보다 높은 성능을 나타냈다. 성능 향상을 위해 DNN 모델 적응을 적용하고 LIN 기반의 DNN 모델 적용 결과 평균 2.35%의 인식률 향상을 나타냈다. 또한 소량의 데이터를 사용했을 때 GMM-HMM 기반 음성인식 기법에 비해 DNN-HMM 기반 음성 인식 기법이 향상된 VPI 음성 인식 성능을 보인다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제42권
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• pp.8.1-8.5
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• 2020

Background: The cause of maxillary growth restriction in patients with cleft lip and palate remains controversial. While studies have investigated the effects surgical technique and timing have on maxillary growth, few focus on patients with isolated cleft palate (ICP). The purpose of this study was to determine the impact palate repair and its associated complications may have on maxillary growth. Methods: A retrospective chart review of ICP patients who underwent palatoplasty from 1962 to 1999 at Akron Children's Hospital was performed. Patient demographics, Veau type, age at primary repair, closure technique, presence of fistula or velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI), number of palatal operations, maxillary hypoplasia (MH) frequency, and follow-up were recorded. Exclusion criteria included patients with cleft lip, submucous cleft, or syndromes. Results: Twenty-nine non-syndromic ICP patients were identified; 62% (n = 18) had Veau type 1 and 38% (n = 11) had Veau type 2. All patients underwent 2-flap or Furlow palatoplasty with mobilization of mucoperiosteal flaps. Vomerine flaps were used in all Veau 2 cleft palate closures. Palatoplasty was performed at a mean age of 19.9 ± 8.2 months. Average follow-up was 209 ± 66.5 months. The rate of VPI was 59% (n = 17) and the rate of oronasal fistula was 14% (n = 4). Conclusions: There was a low incidence of MH despite complications after initial palate closure. Our results seem to suggest that age at palate closure, type of cleft palate, and type of surgical technique may not be associated with MH. Additionally, subsequent procedures and complications after primary palatoplasty such as VPI and palatal fistula may not restrict maxillary growth.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 1996년도 2월 학술대회지
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• pp.23-40
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• 1996

The communicative disorders in cleft palate patients have relationship with the acoustic and He physiological phenomena. Particularily hypernasality is a parameter of cleft palate speech that has been studied by many clinicians and speech pathologists. The degree of hypernasality has been assessed by the listener,s judgement, but perceptual assessements have poor scientific reliability, so objective instruments have been needed to test hypernasality with diagnostics accuracy. This study was analyzed the nasalance score using a Nasometer for cleft palate patients. The simple vowels /a/, /i/, /e/ and the approximants /j/, /w/ were tested for the degree of hypernasality after operation. The phrases containing long and short duration times were used in this study to asses hypeernasality. Fiberopic views shows the open velopharyngeal port that resulted in hypernasality of cleft palate patients. The authors assert the important of the management of cleft palate patients.

• 음성과학
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.261-271
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) therapy on the treatment of hypernasality in patients with cleft lips and palates. 7 preschool children with severe hypernasality participated in the study. Acoustic measurements of nasality were done by using the NasalView (version 1.31). Results showed that the nasalance values were reduced linearly in both vowels according to the treatment period. The sharp treatment effect was observed at the beginning stage. The nasality values of the vowel /i/ showed a sharp decrease at the Evaluation Phase 1 and 2 and a small increase at the Phase 4 followed by a drop in the end. Further studies would be desirable for various patients with different disorder types.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2006

The articulation disorders associated with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) in cleft palate patients are interested to clinicians particularly. The purpose of this study was to investigate mainly the oropharyngeal air pressure and overall air flow in cleft palate patients. The pressure-measuring catheter was positioned at the midportion of the oropharyngeal cavity with a facial mask. Test words were composed of 9 meaningless polysyllabic words and 17 meaningful words. Aerophone II and Nasometer II were used to measure peak air pressure, mean air pressure, maximum flow rate, volume, phonatory flow rate, nasalance. The data shows that airflow of the cleft palate patient group were higher than those of the control group. Intraoral air pressure of the cleft palate patient group was lower than those of the control group. The first vowel formant and first Bandwidths of the cleft palate patient group were higher than those of the control group.