• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.1057-1062
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• 2016

Kimchi is a traditional Korean fermented vegetable food, the production of which involves brining of Korean cabbage, blending with various other ingredients (red pepper powder, garlic, ginger, salt-pickled seafood, etc.), and fermentation. Recently, kimchi has also become popular in the Western world because of its unique taste and beneficial properties such as antioxidant and antimutagenic activities, which are derived from the various raw materials and secondary metabolites of the fermentative microorganisms used during production. Despite these useful activities, analysis of the microbial community present in kimchi has received relatively little attention. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bacterial community structure from the raw materials, additives, and final kimchi product using the culture-independent method. Specifically, polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) was used to analyze the 16S rRNA partial sequences of the microflora. One primer set for bacteria, 341F^GC-518R, reliably produced amplicons from kimchi and its raw materials, and these bands were clearly separated on a 35-65% denaturing gradient gel. Overall, 117 16S rRNA fragments were identified by PCR-DGGE analysis. Pediococcus pentosaceus, Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc gelidum, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides were the dominant bacteria in kimchi. The other strains identified were Tetragenococcus, Pseudomonas, Weissella, and uncultured bacterium. Comprehensive analysis of these microorganisms could provide a more detailed understanding of the biologically active components of kimchi and help improve its quality. PCR-DGGE analysis can be successfully applied to a fermented food to detect unculturable or other species.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.36-48
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• 2022

Objectives: The aim of this study is to modernize Nutrient Qi(營氣) and Defense Qi(衛氣) from the point of view of Visceral Body and Somatic Body. Methods: Investigate the areas of body and function of Nutrient Qi(營氣) and Defense Qi(衛氣) recorded in the 『HuangdiNeijing(黃帝內經)』 and 『Dongeuibogam(東醫寶鑑)』. And investigate Visceral Body and Somatic Body that anatomical structure is divided according to function based on the book 『Life and Rhythm』. Results: Nutrient Qi(營氣) works to nourish the body such as viscera and bowels in the meridian. Defense Qi(衛氣) works to protect the body such as skin, limb joint, eye outside the meridian. The human body is divided into Visceral Body called a vegetable organ and Somatic Body called an animal organ. Visceral body is the organ that manages "nutrition-reproductive" and is divided into the intestine(腸管), blood vessels(血管), and the nephridium(腎管). Somatic Body is an organ that manages 'sensory-motion' and is divided into a three-layer structure: the outer layer covering the body surface, the nerve layer connecting the outer layer and the muscle layer, and the muscle layer controling contraction and movement. Conclusions: It is estimated that Nutrient Qi(營氣) is similar to Visceral Body, and Defense Qi(衛氣) is similar to Somatic Body.

• Genes and Genomics
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• 제40권12호
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• pp.1319-1329
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• 2018

SSRs were successfully isolated from the Perilla crop in our current study, and used to analyze Perilla accessions from East Asia. Analyses of the clear genetic diversity and relationship for Perilla crop still remain insufficient. In this study, 40 new simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer sets were developed from RNA sequences using transcriptome analysis. These new SSR markers were applied to analyze the diversity, relationships, and population structure among 35 accessions of the two cultivated types of Perilla crop and their weedy types. A total of 220 alleles were identified at all loci, with an average of 5.5 alleles per locus and a range between 2 and 10 alleles per locus. The MAF (major allele frequency) per locus varied from 0.229 to 0.943, with an average of 0.466. The average polymorphic information content (PIC) value was 0.603, ranging from 0.102 to 0.837. The genetic diversity (GD) ranged from 0.108 to 0.854, with an average of 0.654. Based on population structure analysis, all accessions were divided into three groups: Group I, Group II and the admixed group. This study demonstrated the utility of new SSR analysis for the study of genetic diversity and population structure among 35 Perilla accessions. The GD of each locus for accessions of cultivated var. frutescens, weedy var. frutescens, cultivated var. crispa, and weedy var. crispa were 0.415, 0.606, 0.308, and 0.480, respectively. Both weedy accessions exhibited higher GD and PIC values than their cultivated types in East Asia. The new SSR primers of Perilla species reported in this study may provide potential genetic markers for population genetics to enhance our understanding of the genetic diversity, genetic relationship and population structure of the cultivated and weedy types of P. frutescens in East Asia. In addition, new Perilla SSR primers developed from RNA-seq can be used in the future for cultivar identification, conservation of Perilla germplasm resources, genome mapping and tagging of important genes/QTLs for Perilla breeding programs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.297-304
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• 1984

다섯 종류의 실험유지로 고등어유, 장어유, 콩기름, 채종유 및 쇠기름을 사용하여 먹이의 10%(w/w)되는 조제식이를 2주간 휜쥐에게 시행하여, 혈장, 심장, 지방조직의 lipoprotein lipase의 활성도, mitochondrial respiration측정하고, mitochondrial membrane matrix 지질의 지방산구성을 조사하였다. Lipoprotein lipase의 활성은 혈장에서는 쇠기름군이 식물유 및 어유군에 비해 약 60%정도 높고, 지방조직에서는 거의 3배가량 높았으나, 식물유와 어유군 간에는 차이가 없었다. 각 군간에 mitochondrial respiration율은 심장조직에서는 차이가 별로 없었고, 채종유군이 P/O ratio가 심장, 간장조직에서 모두 낮았고 어유(魚油)군의 간장조직mitochondrial respiration이 타조직에 비해 낮았다. Mitochondrial inner membrane matrix분획의 지질 지방산조성은 콩기름군에서 $C_{18:2}$, $C_{20:4}$ 함량이 높고 고등어유군은$C_{22:1}$가 간장조직에서 발견되는 반면 채종유군은 동일 지방산이 심장 mitochondria에서 발견되었다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제10권10호
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• pp.25-33
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• 2012

Purpose - The Garak agricultural wholesale market ('Garak Market') plays a central role in the distribution of agricultural products in Korea and is important in connecting consumers with producers. However, problems regarding inefficiencies and the high-cost structure of the wholesale market's distribution/logistical system are being raised in relation to severe competition among retailers. Furthermore, the service needs of retailers and market users are not being fulfilled due to the inconsistency of the wholesale market's functions and facilities, thus reducing the competitiveness of the market. In this regard, innovative changes are being requested of the agricultural wholesale market according to changes in the agricultural product distribution environment. In particular, the lack of unloading facilities and the outdated unloading system of the wholesale market must be improved to enhance system efficiency. Research design, data, and methodology - This study observed the problems of the unloading system of the agricultural wholesale market in order to present relevant measures for improvement. The need for unloading auctions was also researched in this study. The survey of 70 forwarders belonging to the producing district distributor association of the Garak market was conducted by post. Additionally, 20 auction dealers and 59 shippers and transporters were individually interviewed. The survey on the need for unloading auctions used five-point Likert Scales. The statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS WIN 12.0 software. Results - First, the wholesale market must employ members of the unloading labor union to allow these employees to directly manage the unloading process. Second, it is crucial to revise regulations to ensure that the principal agent pays the unloading cost according to the standard unloading cost system. Third, the vehicle auction carried out for certain vegetable products must be converted to the unloaded auction system. According to the related interviews with the wholesale market's distribution agents, whereas shippers and transporters recognized the need for unloaded auctions, auction dealers tend to have a negative view of this system. Furthermore, the stated reasons in favor of unloaded cabbage, radish, and other vegetable auctions were prevention of constraint, creation of transparent trade conditions, and reduction of corrected seller tickets. Many of the respondents answered that the transport cost reduction rate in unloaded auctions must be below 20%. Fourth, the unloading system must be mechanized and a detailed, reasonable plan must be provided to settle the existing conflict with the unloading labor union. Conclusions - The proposals in this study are expected to play an important role in improving the cargo handling system of the wholesale agricultural product market in the future. Improving the system is expected to help shore up the competitiveness of the industry. If all the related bodies closely cooperate with each other and work harder, taking advantage of the synergies created by the facility modernization project, the Garak market will play a pivotal role in the distribution of agricultural products.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.99-110
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• 2012

Comparison on the genomic structure and phylogenetic relationship of the Hsp88 genes from P. tenuipes Jochoen-1, P. tenuipes, C. militaris and C. pruinosa was described. The Hsp88 genes from the three entomopathogenic strains, P. tenuipes Jocheon-1(strain), P. tenuipes(original species), and C. militaris contain the identical genomic structure, namely 5 introns and 6 exons with the length of 13, 62, 32, 1,438, 306, 288 nucleotides encoding 713 amino acid residues, whereas in case of C. pruinosa, it contains 4 introns and 5 exons with the length of 13, 62, 32, 1,744, 288 nucleotides encoding 713 amino acid residues. The genomic DNA length of the Hsp88 genes from P. tenuipes Jocheon-1 and P. tenuipes are both 2,600 nucleotides long in size. The Hsp88 genes from C. militaris and C. pruinosa are 2,582, 2,576 nucleotides long in size, respectively. Hsp88 genes of the P. tenuipes Jochoen-1, P. tenuipes, C. militaris and C. pruinosa also contain the conserved ATP-binding domain. Phylogenetic analysis of the Hsp genes of the four strains tested in this study showed that the fungal Hsp88 is divided into two separate clades, ascomycetes and deutromycete. Within the ascomycetes fungal clade, the P. tenuipes Jochoen-1 and P. tenuipes formed a subgroup, on the other hand, C. militaris and C. pruinosa formed another subgroup. Pair-wise comparison of P. tenuipes Jocheon-1 Hsp88 with those of P. tenuipes, C. militaris and C. pruinosa Hsp88s revealed significant identity in deduced amino acid sequence among these strains. The P. tenuipes Jocheon-1 Hsp88 showed 99% identity with the P. tenuipes, 97% identity with the C. militaris, and 98% identity with the C. pruinosa.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.333-352
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• 2013

본 논문은 한 중 FTA로 농수산업의 피해가 가장 클 것으로 예상되는 전남의 농수산업에 대해 무역경쟁력을 분석하고 경쟁력 강화 방안을 제시하였다. 무역경쟁력 분석 결과 채소와 과일류에서는 수출특화, 식품가공품에서는 수입특화가 이루어지고 있었다. 중국 수입시장에서 전남의 해조류, 과실 견과류, 효모 등이 경쟁력 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 전남의 대부분의 농수산업 품목에서 고품질 상품을 수출하고 저품질 상품을 수입하는 고품질 산업내 무역이 이루어지고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 분석결과를 바탕으로 농업부문과 수산업부문의 생산체제의 혁신, 유통현대화, 부가가치 극대화, 한 중 간 협력 체계 구축 측면에서 경쟁력 강화 방안을 제시하였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.226-231
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• 1992

식물조직의 응력완화 측정 중에 압축응력에 의하여 조직의 내부구조가 변화되는 것을 고려하여 응력완화 곡선을 직선화할 수 있는 일반화 된 실험적 모델 $[F_{(o)}t^n/(F_{(o)}-F_{(t)})=k_1+k_2t]$을 제안하였다. 여기서 $F_{(o)}$는 초기응력, $F_{(t)}$는 t시간 후의 잔여응력, $k_1$, $k_2$와 n은 상수이다. 이 모델은 오이, 감, 사과, 감자, 고구마, 당근 등의 신선한 과일 및 채소류의 응력완화 곡선의 직선화 모델로서 매우 잘 적용되었을 뿐만 아니라 염절임, 당장 및 열처리한 채소류 조직에도 잘 적용되었다. 이 모델로부터 구조거동지수로 정의한 n값은 생시료인 경우 $1.14{\sim}l.35$ 범위로 응력완화 동안에 조직변동이 큰 시료일수록 큰 값을 나타내었고 처리된 시료일 경우 1에 가까워졌다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.214-220
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• 2020

Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes (red kohlrabi) is a biennial herbaceous vegetable whose edible bulbotuber-like stem and leaves are consumed globally. Sliced red kohlrabi tubers were extracted using methanol and the concentrated extract was partitioned successively with dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH) and water (H₂O). Repeated column chromatography of EtOAc fraction through silica, sephadex LH-20 and RP-18 gel led to isolation of eleven compounds of which compound 1 was a new glycosylated indole alkaloid derivative, 1-methoxyindole 3-carboxylic acid 6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. Others were known compounds namely, β-sitosterol glucoside (4), 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (5), methyl-1-thio-β-D-glucopyranosyl disulfide (6), 5-hydroxy-2-pyridinemethanol (7), (3S,4R)-2-deoxyribonolactone (8), n-butyl-β-D-fructopyranoside (9), uridine (10) and three fructose derivatives, D-tagatose (11), β-D-fructofuranose (12) and β-D-fructopyranose (13). Similarly, isolation from CH₂Cl₂ fraction gave two known indole alkaloids, indole 3-acetonitrile (2) and N-methoxyindole 3-acetonitrile (3). The structure elucidation and identification of these compounds were conducted with the help of ¹³C and ¹H NMR, HMBC, HMQC, EIMS, HR-ESIMS and IR spectroscopic data, and TLC plate spots visualization. Compounds 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are noted to occur in kohlrabi for the first time. Different bioactivities of these isolated compounds have been reported in literature.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.564-573
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• 1997

유지류는 산화에 의해 품질이 저하되며 이를 방지하기 위해 항산화제를 첨가하는 방법이 널리 이용되어 왔다. 그러나 현재까지 많이 이용되어온 tocopherol과 BHA는 상온에서는 높은 항산화 효과가 있지만 튀김 식품과 같이 18$0^{\circ}C$이사의 고온처리가 필요한 경우에는 열안정성이 매우 낮아 이들 항상화제들의 대부분 분해되거나 산화방지 능력을 상실한다. 식물체에서 안정한 자류 라디칼을 형성할 수 있는 구조를 갖는 스테롤, 즉 곁사슬에 에틸리덴기를 갖는 citrostadienol, $\Delta$5-avenasterol과 fucosterol이 고온에서 안정한 항산화 효과가 있다고 보고되었으며 그 중에서 $\Delta$5-avenasterol 이 고온에서 가장 높은 항산화 효과가 있다고 한다. 다라서 식품의 기호성과 저장성을 높이기 위하여 고온에서 안정성을 갖는 천연 항산화제의 개발이 필요하므로 문헌 고찰을 하여 정리하였다.