• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1057-1062
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• 2016

Kimchi is a traditional Korean fermented vegetable food, the production of which involves brining of Korean cabbage, blending with various other ingredients (red pepper powder, garlic, ginger, salt-pickled seafood, etc.), and fermentation. Recently, kimchi has also become popular in the Western world because of its unique taste and beneficial properties such as antioxidant and antimutagenic activities, which are derived from the various raw materials and secondary metabolites of the fermentative microorganisms used during production. Despite these useful activities, analysis of the microbial community present in kimchi has received relatively little attention. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bacterial community structure from the raw materials, additives, and final kimchi product using the culture-independent method. Specifically, polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) was used to analyze the 16S rRNA partial sequences of the microflora. One primer set for bacteria, 341F^GC-518R, reliably produced amplicons from kimchi and its raw materials, and these bands were clearly separated on a 35-65% denaturing gradient gel. Overall, 117 16S rRNA fragments were identified by PCR-DGGE analysis. Pediococcus pentosaceus, Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc gelidum, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides were the dominant bacteria in kimchi. The other strains identified were Tetragenococcus, Pseudomonas, Weissella, and uncultured bacterium. Comprehensive analysis of these microorganisms could provide a more detailed understanding of the biologically active components of kimchi and help improve its quality. PCR-DGGE analysis can be successfully applied to a fermented food to detect unculturable or other species.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.36-48
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• 2022

Objectives: The aim of this study is to modernize Nutrient Qi(營氣) and Defense Qi(衛氣) from the point of view of Visceral Body and Somatic Body. Methods: Investigate the areas of body and function of Nutrient Qi(營氣) and Defense Qi(衛氣) recorded in the 『HuangdiNeijing(黃帝內經)』 and 『Dongeuibogam(東醫寶鑑)』. And investigate Visceral Body and Somatic Body that anatomical structure is divided according to function based on the book 『Life and Rhythm』. Results: Nutrient Qi(營氣) works to nourish the body such as viscera and bowels in the meridian. Defense Qi(衛氣) works to protect the body such as skin, limb joint, eye outside the meridian. The human body is divided into Visceral Body called a vegetable organ and Somatic Body called an animal organ. Visceral body is the organ that manages "nutrition-reproductive" and is divided into the intestine(腸管), blood vessels(血管), and the nephridium(腎管). Somatic Body is an organ that manages 'sensory-motion' and is divided into a three-layer structure: the outer layer covering the body surface, the nerve layer connecting the outer layer and the muscle layer, and the muscle layer controling contraction and movement. Conclusions: It is estimated that Nutrient Qi(營氣) is similar to Visceral Body, and Defense Qi(衛氣) is similar to Somatic Body.

• Genes and Genomics
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.1319-1329
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• 2018

SSRs were successfully isolated from the Perilla crop in our current study, and used to analyze Perilla accessions from East Asia. Analyses of the clear genetic diversity and relationship for Perilla crop still remain insufficient. In this study, 40 new simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer sets were developed from RNA sequences using transcriptome analysis. These new SSR markers were applied to analyze the diversity, relationships, and population structure among 35 accessions of the two cultivated types of Perilla crop and their weedy types. A total of 220 alleles were identified at all loci, with an average of 5.5 alleles per locus and a range between 2 and 10 alleles per locus. The MAF (major allele frequency) per locus varied from 0.229 to 0.943, with an average of 0.466. The average polymorphic information content (PIC) value was 0.603, ranging from 0.102 to 0.837. The genetic diversity (GD) ranged from 0.108 to 0.854, with an average of 0.654. Based on population structure analysis, all accessions were divided into three groups: Group I, Group II and the admixed group. This study demonstrated the utility of new SSR analysis for the study of genetic diversity and population structure among 35 Perilla accessions. The GD of each locus for accessions of cultivated var. frutescens, weedy var. frutescens, cultivated var. crispa, and weedy var. crispa were 0.415, 0.606, 0.308, and 0.480, respectively. Both weedy accessions exhibited higher GD and PIC values than their cultivated types in East Asia. The new SSR primers of Perilla species reported in this study may provide potential genetic markers for population genetics to enhance our understanding of the genetic diversity, genetic relationship and population structure of the cultivated and weedy types of P. frutescens in East Asia. In addition, new Perilla SSR primers developed from RNA-seq can be used in the future for cultivar identification, conservation of Perilla germplasm resources, genome mapping and tagging of important genes/QTLs for Perilla breeding programs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.297-304
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• 1984

The effect of dietary fish oil ( mackerel oil : MO, eel oil : EO) on energy utilization in rats was studied with measurements of various tissue lipoprotein lipase( LPL ) and live and heart mitochondrial respiration. Fatty acid composition of mitrochondrial inner membrane matrix was also investigated. Dietary fat level was 10%( w/w) and reference groups were fed soybean oil (SO), repeseed oil ( RO) and beef tallow( BT ). Activity of LPL was about 60% higher in post-heparin plasma and 2 to 3 times higher in adipose tissue of BT group than fish oil or vegetable oil group. But there was no significant difference between fish oil and vegetable oil groups. Inclusion of EO above 2% (w/w) in dietary fat with fille oil of BT, markedly reduced both post -heparin plasma and adipose tissue LPL. Effects of MO and EO were not different in adipose tissue LPL, but EO was more effective than MO, in reducing post -heparin plasma LPL when mixed fat with varying amount of fish oil was used. Hepatic mitochondria isolated from fish oil-fed group showed the lowest rate of respiration but had P/O ratio comparable to SO and BT groups. On the other hand, cardiac mitochondria of fish oil group showed no difference in all the mitochondrial respiration parameters observed RO group had lowest P/O ratio both in hepatic and cardiac mitochondria. Fatty acid compositions of mitochondrial lipid differ between SO, RO, BT and MO groups, notably in the content of $C_{22:1}$ fatty acid.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.25-33
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• 2012

Purpose - The Garak agricultural wholesale market ('Garak Market') plays a central role in the distribution of agricultural products in Korea and is important in connecting consumers with producers. However, problems regarding inefficiencies and the high-cost structure of the wholesale market's distribution/logistical system are being raised in relation to severe competition among retailers. Furthermore, the service needs of retailers and market users are not being fulfilled due to the inconsistency of the wholesale market's functions and facilities, thus reducing the competitiveness of the market. In this regard, innovative changes are being requested of the agricultural wholesale market according to changes in the agricultural product distribution environment. In particular, the lack of unloading facilities and the outdated unloading system of the wholesale market must be improved to enhance system efficiency. Research design, data, and methodology - This study observed the problems of the unloading system of the agricultural wholesale market in order to present relevant measures for improvement. The need for unloading auctions was also researched in this study. The survey of 70 forwarders belonging to the producing district distributor association of the Garak market was conducted by post. Additionally, 20 auction dealers and 59 shippers and transporters were individually interviewed. The survey on the need for unloading auctions used five-point Likert Scales. The statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS WIN 12.0 software. Results - First, the wholesale market must employ members of the unloading labor union to allow these employees to directly manage the unloading process. Second, it is crucial to revise regulations to ensure that the principal agent pays the unloading cost according to the standard unloading cost system. Third, the vehicle auction carried out for certain vegetable products must be converted to the unloaded auction system. According to the related interviews with the wholesale market's distribution agents, whereas shippers and transporters recognized the need for unloaded auctions, auction dealers tend to have a negative view of this system. Furthermore, the stated reasons in favor of unloaded cabbage, radish, and other vegetable auctions were prevention of constraint, creation of transparent trade conditions, and reduction of corrected seller tickets. Many of the respondents answered that the transport cost reduction rate in unloaded auctions must be below 20%. Fourth, the unloading system must be mechanized and a detailed, reasonable plan must be provided to settle the existing conflict with the unloading labor union. Conclusions - The proposals in this study are expected to play an important role in improving the cargo handling system of the wholesale agricultural product market in the future. Improving the system is expected to help shore up the competitiveness of the industry. If all the related bodies closely cooperate with each other and work harder, taking advantage of the synergies created by the facility modernization project, the Garak market will play a pivotal role in the distribution of agricultural products.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.99-110
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• 2012

Comparison on the genomic structure and phylogenetic relationship of the Hsp88 genes from P. tenuipes Jochoen-1, P. tenuipes, C. militaris and C. pruinosa was described. The Hsp88 genes from the three entomopathogenic strains, P. tenuipes Jocheon-1(strain), P. tenuipes(original species), and C. militaris contain the identical genomic structure, namely 5 introns and 6 exons with the length of 13, 62, 32, 1,438, 306, 288 nucleotides encoding 713 amino acid residues, whereas in case of C. pruinosa, it contains 4 introns and 5 exons with the length of 13, 62, 32, 1,744, 288 nucleotides encoding 713 amino acid residues. The genomic DNA length of the Hsp88 genes from P. tenuipes Jocheon-1 and P. tenuipes are both 2,600 nucleotides long in size. The Hsp88 genes from C. militaris and C. pruinosa are 2,582, 2,576 nucleotides long in size, respectively. Hsp88 genes of the P. tenuipes Jochoen-1, P. tenuipes, C. militaris and C. pruinosa also contain the conserved ATP-binding domain. Phylogenetic analysis of the Hsp genes of the four strains tested in this study showed that the fungal Hsp88 is divided into two separate clades, ascomycetes and deutromycete. Within the ascomycetes fungal clade, the P. tenuipes Jochoen-1 and P. tenuipes formed a subgroup, on the other hand, C. militaris and C. pruinosa formed another subgroup. Pair-wise comparison of P. tenuipes Jocheon-1 Hsp88 with those of P. tenuipes, C. militaris and C. pruinosa Hsp88s revealed significant identity in deduced amino acid sequence among these strains. The P. tenuipes Jocheon-1 Hsp88 showed 99% identity with the P. tenuipes, 97% identity with the C. militaris, and 98% identity with the C. pruinosa.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.333-352
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• 2013

Various trade competitiveness-related indices such as TSI, CACI, MCAI, and IITI are applied to examine the trade structure of comparative advantage and complementarity between Jonnama and Chinese on agricultural and Fisheries industry using the data of years 2000-2012 of KITA. The result show that Joennam has specialized in the product of other products of animal origin and preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts, other par. The Intra-Industry trade level of Korean agricultural and Fisheries industry were in the trend of uprising with vertical intra-industry pattern dominant among them in the product live trees other live plants, edible vegetables roots, oil seeds oleaginous fruit, other vegetable saps extracts, preparations of cereals flour starch. As expected, Jeonnam region show that the high quality vertical IIT, indicating that Jeonnam export high-priced high quality products to China and import cheap low quality items from China. Finally, the innovation of production system, distribution modernization, value-maximizing strategies were suggested as a strengthening method of competitiveness.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.226-231
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• 1992

A generalized linearization model for stress relaxation curves of vegetative tissues was proposed as $[F_{(o)}t^n/(F_{(o)}-F_{(t)})=k_1+k_2t]$, taking into account internal structure changes under a constant strain. Where $F_{(o)}$ is the initial force, $F_{(t)}$ is the decaying force after time t, and $k_1$, $k_2$ and n are constants. This model was well fit to stress relaxation curves of a variety of raw and processed fruits and vegetables.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.214-220
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• 2020

Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes (red kohlrabi) is a biennial herbaceous vegetable whose edible bulbotuber-like stem and leaves are consumed globally. Sliced red kohlrabi tubers were extracted using methanol and the concentrated extract was partitioned successively with dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH) and water (H₂O). Repeated column chromatography of EtOAc fraction through silica, sephadex LH-20 and RP-18 gel led to isolation of eleven compounds of which compound 1 was a new glycosylated indole alkaloid derivative, 1-methoxyindole 3-carboxylic acid 6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. Others were known compounds namely, β-sitosterol glucoside (4), 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (5), methyl-1-thio-β-D-glucopyranosyl disulfide (6), 5-hydroxy-2-pyridinemethanol (7), (3S,4R)-2-deoxyribonolactone (8), n-butyl-β-D-fructopyranoside (9), uridine (10) and three fructose derivatives, D-tagatose (11), β-D-fructofuranose (12) and β-D-fructopyranose (13). Similarly, isolation from CH₂Cl₂ fraction gave two known indole alkaloids, indole 3-acetonitrile (2) and N-methoxyindole 3-acetonitrile (3). The structure elucidation and identification of these compounds were conducted with the help of ¹³C and ¹H NMR, HMBC, HMQC, EIMS, HR-ESIMS and IR spectroscopic data, and TLC plate spots visualization. Compounds 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are noted to occur in kohlrabi for the first time. Different bioactivities of these isolated compounds have been reported in literature.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.564-573
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• 1997

The addition of antioxidants to fats and oils is one of the most effective ways to prevent oxidation of lipids. The popularity of natural antioxidants has increased because of the possible toxicity of synthetic antioxidants. Common natural antioxidants, tocopherols, retard oxidation at ambient temperatures, but they are ineffective at retarding oxidation at frying temperatures. The need for the development of novel natural antioxidants which are effective at frying temperatures is obvious. Sterols present in vegetable oils and certain herbal plant extracts have been reported to have antioxidant properties. Some sterols have been shown to retard thermal changes at frying temperatures. All the sterol effective at preventing oxidation at frying temperatures have an ethylidene group in their side chain. These effects can be explained by the hypothesis that sterols with a structure that allows them to react with lipid free radicals to form relatively stable free radicals are effective as antioxidants. (Key words :natural antioxidants, sterols, ethylidene group, herbal plant extracts)