• 한국인쇄학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2011

In these days, according to increased environmental regulations, to reduce the VOC content in paints and inks efforts are now in progress. A lot of research have progressed hydrocarbon solvents substitute with vegetable oil or ester in the printing ink but it is restricted to use vegetable oil in the inks because of high molecular weight and viscosity. Oil ester currently developed for printing inks still have some drawbacks, but overall the printability and print quality when using ester than hydrocarbon solvents are showing good results. Thus, in this paper, I studied about the properties variation of the varnish and inks according to vegetable ester, after I reacted vegetable ester using the vegetable fatty acid and ethyl alcohol, butyl alcohol. The compared in order of average molecular weight by the GPC method, rheological properties were found by rotational rheometer, and emulsion behavior were compared by high speed emulsification tester.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.1247-1256
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• 2010

Since biodiesel as bioenergy is defined as ester compounds formed by esterification of animal/vegetable oils, in this study three vegetable cooking oils (market, waste and refined waste ones) were esterified by reactions of alkali catalyst and immobilized enzyme. The fatty acid composition of the formed ester compounds was analyzed to investigate the feasibility of biodiesel production. By lipolysis (i.e, hydrolysis of Triglyceride (TG)), all three vegetable oils used in this study were found to produce Diglyceride (DG), Monoglyceride (MD) and Fatty acid ethylester (FAEE). However, the amount of produced FAEE (which can be used as an energy source) was in the increasing order of market cooking oil, waste one and refined waste one. With NaOH catalyst, FAEE was produced about 24.92, 17.63 and 11.31 % for the respective oils while adding Lipozyme TL produced FAEE about 43.54, 38.16 and 24.47 %, respectively. This indicates that enzyme catalyst is more effective than alkali one for transesterification. In addition, it was found that the composition of fatty acids produced by hydrolysis of TG was unchanged with alkali and immobilized enzyme reactions. Thus it can be expected that stable conditions remain in the course of mixing with gasoline whose composition is similar to that of the fatty acids.

• 공업화학
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.532-535
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 식물성 오일의 에스테르화 반응에 초음파에너지를 도입하여 지방산 methyl ester를 제조하였다. 초음파 에너지가 에스테르화 반응에 도입될 경우 반응온도의 가열효과뿐만 아니라 교반효과를 동시에 가져올 수 있어 반응시간 단축 및 지방산 methyl ester 수율의 증가를 가져올 수 있다. 그러나 초음파에너지가 에스테르화 반응에 도입될 때 연속적인 초음파에너지의 조사로 인한 반응온도의 계속적인 상승이 문제점으로 확인되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 cooling system을 이용하여 반응온도의 상승을 억제하여 실험을 수행한 결과 기존공정보다 빠른 30 min 만에 93%의 지방산 methyl ester 수율을 확인하였다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.132-138
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• 2019

In this study, we demonstrate the effects of the acidic properties of montmorillonite (MMT), which is commonly used as a catalyst, on the conversion and selectivity of the dimer acid methyl ester (DAME) synthesis. We synthesize DAME by the dimerization of conjugated linoleic acid methyl ester (CLAME) and oleic acid methyl ester using MMT KSF. Incidentally, trimer acid methyl ester was formed as a by-product during the DAME synthesis. There is a necessity to adequately adjust the strength and quantity of the acid site to control the selectivity of DAME. Therefore, we vary the pH of the MMT acid by using various metal hydroxides. The purpose of this study is to increase the yield of monocyclic dimer acid methyl ester, which is a substance with adequate physical properties for industrial applications (e.g., lubricant and adhesive, etc.), using a heterogeneous catalyst. We report the dimerization of fatty acid methyl ester by using base treated-KSF, and apply it to conjugated soybean oil methyl ester. Then, we transmute the acid site properties of KSF, such as pH of 5 wt.% slurry KSF and various alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Ca). Characterization of base treated-KSF using a pH meter, x-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface analysis, and temperature-programmed desorption. We conduct an analysis of CLAME and DAME using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gas chromatography, and gel permeation chromatography. Through these experiments, we demonstrate the effects of the acidic properties of KSF on the conversion and selectivity of the DAME synthesis, and evaluate its industrial potential by application to waste vegetable oil.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.12-18
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• 2006

The transesterification of vegetable oils into Biodiesel at $60^{\circ}C$ was performed on the rotary viscometer. The overall yield(%) of fatty acid methyl ester from canola oil at optimum conditions was 95%. The viscosities of fatty acid methyl esters were predicted by Orrick and Erbarr's model. The overall yield increased as the viscosities of fatty acid methyl esters decreased. The limiting molar ratio of methanol to oil appeared to be 1:5. The content of sodium hydroxide as the optimum catalyst appeared to be 0.5wt%.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.747-751
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• 2008

수분이나 유리지방산 함량이 높은 폐식용유의 적용 가능성을 알아보기 위하여 초임계메탄올을 이용한 바이오디젤 연료의 합성에서 첨가물이 미치는 영향에 대해 실험하였다. 회분식 반응기를 이용하여 물, 유리지방산, 항산화물질의 함량을 달리하여 전이에스테르화반응을 진행하였고, 기체크로마토그래피를 이용해 시료에 포함된 지방산메틸에스테르의 양을 측정하였다. 수분이 증가함에 따라 생성되는 지방산메틸에스테르의 함량이 약간 감소했으나 염기촉매나 산촉매에 비해서는 그 폭이 아주 작았다. 유리지방산, 비타민 E, ${\beta}$-카로틴의 함량 변화에 따른 영향은 거의 없었다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.429-433
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• 2012

Purpose: While rapeseed oil, soy bean oil, palm oil and waste cooking oil are being used for biodiesel, the viscosity of them should be lowered for fuel. The most widely used method of decreasing the viscosity of vegetable oil is to convert the vegetable oil into fatty acid methyl ester but is too expensive. This experiment uses ultrasonic energy, instead of converting the vegetable oil into fatty acid methyl ester, to lower the viscosity of the waste cooking oil. Methods: For irradiation treatment, the sample in a beaker was irradiated with ultrasonic energy and the viscosity and temperature were measured with a viscometer. For heating treatment, the sample in a beaker was heated and the viscosity and temperature were measured with a viscometer. Kinematic viscosity was calculated by dividing absolute viscosity with density. Results: The kinematic viscosity of waste cooking oil and cooking oil are up to ten times as high as that of light oil at room temperature. However, the difference of two types of oil decreased by four times as the temperature increased over $83^{\circ}C$. When the viscosity by the treatment of ultrasonic energy irradiation was compared to one by the heating treatment to the waste cooking oil, the viscosity by the treatment of ultrasonic energy irradiation was lower by maximum of 22% and minimum of 12%, than one by the heating treatment. Conclusions: Ultrasonic energy irradiation lowered the viscosity more than the heating treatment did, and ultrasonic energy irradiation has an enormous effect on fuel reforming.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.736-742
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• 1994

This study was designed to observe the effects of the mixed diets of edible mushrooms and vegetables oils on the lipid component and fatty acid composition in liver of the diet induced hydpercholesterolemic rats. Ten groups of male S.D. rats were fed a basal diet supplemented with 5% of one of three mushrooms(G.I, L.e, A.j) and 10% of one of three vegetable oils (olive ,safflower perilla) for three weeks. In liver, total cholesterol concentration was significantly low in group 3 (olive oil 10 % + L. edodes 5%) and 6 (safflower oil 10 % $_2$L. edodes 5%) , triglyceride concentration was low in groups 8 (perilla oil 10 % + g. lucidum 5%) and 9 (perilla oil 10% + L. edodes 5%) and phospholipid concentration was significantly low in groups 3, 5, (safflower oil 10 % + G.lucidum 5%), 6, 7 (safflower oil 10 % + A .judae 5%) 8, 9 and 10 (perilla oil 10% + a. judae 5%). in the fatty acid composition of total lipid inliver, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) concentration s were high in groups 2 (olive oil 105 + g. lucidum 5%), 3, and 4 (olive oil 10% + A. judae 5%) and all the perilla oil groups, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and linoleic aicd concentrations were signifciantly high in all the safflower oil groups. In the fatty acid composition of liver phospholipid , PUFA concentrations were ghih but MUFA concentrations were low. In the triglyceride component, MUFA were some more than saturated fatty acid (SFA) . In the cholesteryl ester component, MUFa concentrations were significantly high. In the fatty acid composition of liver lipid components, linholeic acid was high in the PUFA and so it was major fatty acid. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) of phospholipid component in liver was significantly high.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.555-560
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• 1994

In order to observe the effects of the fees mixed with the lard and two vegetable seed oils on the fatty acid compositions of liver and brain tissue, the oils mixed with 2.5% lard and various levels of perilla oil and evening primrose oil were administered to the male rats of the Sprague-Dawley for 4 weeks . In the fatty acid composition of liver lipid, saturated fatty acid (SFA) contents were rich in the phopholiipide and cholesteryl ester fraction. Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) contents were rich in the triglyceride fraction and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents were rich in the phospholipid fraction. In the fatty acid composition of liver lipid fractions, according as the contents of mixed perilla oil decreased and the contents of mixed evening primrose oil increased , n -3 PUFA contents tended to decrease and n-6 PUFA contents tended to increase. Fatty acid composition of liver lipid fractions were influenced from the fatty acid composition of the test lipids. In the fatty acid composition of brain phospholipd, PUFA contents (40%) were rich and according as the contents of mixed evening primrose oil increased, the ratio on n-3/n-6 PUFA and eicosapentaenoid acid (EPA) /arachidonic acid (AA) tended to slightly decrease.

• 청정기술
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.104-108
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• 2007

바이오디젤은 식물성 또는 동물성 유지를 알콜과 화학적으로 반응하여 얻어진 지방산 알킬에스터로서 친환경적인 대체에너지로 주목받고 있다. 본 연구에서 폐식용유와 유채유에 대한 전처리 공정에 고체 산(acid)이온 교환수지를 도입하여 자유지방산을 제거함으로써 바이오디젤로의 전환율을 높이고자 하였다. 이온교환수지를 이용한 전처리를 통해 자유지방산의 90%이상을 제거할 수 있었으며 젖은 상태의 수지보다 건조 상태의 수지의 자유지방산 제거효율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 전이에스테르화를 통해 최대 98%의 수율로 지방산 메틸에스터를 얻을 수 있었으며 본 연구 결과는 자유지방산의 제거가 필요한 바이오디젤 원료유의 전처리에 효과적으로 적용될 수 있다.