• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.315-322
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• 2018

Bamboo culm comprises internodes and nodes and is tapered from the bottom to the top. Anatomically, bamboo culm comprises vascular bundles and parenchymal base tissue. The gross anatomical structure of a transverse section of any culm internode is determined by the shape, size, arrangement, and number of vascular bundles. The purpose of this research was to examine the morphology of culm and the distribution and shape of vascular bundles in Ampel bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris). Bamboo culms were harvested from the base. Test samples were obtained from a central 2-cm long segment of each internode across the entire length of the culm. Results showed an uneven spread of vascular bundles in the internode cross-section. Transitioning from the outer to the inner layer of the internode, the number of vascular bundles per unit area decreased and their shape was variable. The size of vascular bundles in the middle layer of the internode was greater than that of those in the outer and inner layers. The shape of vascular bundles was circular in the outer layer, which gradually transformed into vertical oval toward the middle layer and horizontal oval toward the inner layer. Vascular bundles were of type III and IV in the bottom of the culm and type III in the middle to the top of the culm.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.129-133
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• 1986

Transections of the stem region close to the shoot apex show the occurrence of an outer, complete ring of procambium and an inner group of discrete procambial strands. From the outer ring, small, discrete vascular bundles and vascular cambium originate, while the inner group forms the discrete, medullary vascular bundles with intrafascicular cambium. Secondary thickening is essentially due to the activity of the cylinder or complete ring of vascular cambium that originates from the procambium. The medullary intrafascicular cambia also form some secondary tissues. The vascular cambium produces secondary xylem inwards and secondary phloem outwards as in the normal secondary thickening process. The distinctive feature, however, is perpetual discreteness of the medullary vascular bundles. No successive series of cambia or secondary vascular bundles are found.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.309-319
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• 2023

Bamboo culm is in the form of a tube/pipe, composed of internodes which are bounded by a partition/diaphragm (node). Anatomically, bamboo is composed of vascular bundles and parenchyma ground tissue. One of the constituents of vascular bundles is fibers that are grouped to form a fiber sheath. The anatomical structure of the nodes and internodes is thought to influence the strength of bamboo strips, including tensile strength. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of vascular bundles (distribution and fiber percentage) and their effects on the density and tensile strength of Gigantochloa apus bamboo strips with and without nodes. The bamboo culms were divided into three parts (outer, middle, and inner) along the radial direction. The results showed that the distribution of vascular bundles and percentage of fiber sheaths decreased significantly from the outer to the inner layer. This also had a significantly decreased density and tensile strength. Furthermore, the number of vascular bundles (in the transverse plane) was greater in the internodes than in the nodes. Anatomically, the orientation of the vascular bundles at irregular nodes is observed in the radial and tangential planes, where the direction is not only in the axial direction, but also in the radial and tangential directions. This caused the tensile strength of the G. apus bamboo strips to be lower at the nodes than at the internodes.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 1992

Experiments were conducted to determined the development of the vascular bundles in the peduncle of different tillers on its development in order to improve the vascular system and possibly increase grain yield. The development of the vascular bundle in the leaf, stem and panicle is an important aspect of assimilate translocation and differentiation of panicle characters. Two cultivars were used in this study: IR58, an indica type, and Unbong 7, a japonica type. The main culm(M) had more and bigger vascular bundles in the peduncle and those vascular bundle decreased with tiller order and tiller development. In the primary tillers, P1 had more large and small vascular bundles than P5 in both cultivars. IR58 developed more large vascular bundles compared to Unbong 7, but the small vascular bundle in unbong 7 was more than in IR58. The cross sectional area of phloem and xylem in large vascular bundle decreased with tiller order in both cultivar. Larger area of phloem and xylem in the early formed tillers more efficient transport of assimilates. The number of spikelets, the weight of panicle and grain yield per panicle were highest in the main culm followed by the order of their initiation or emergence. The number of primary and secondary branches to be positive associated with the number and area of vascular bundles. Furthermore, the number of vascular bundles in the peduncle was highly correlated with the peduncle thickness which in turn was correlated with the number of primary and secondary branches on the panicle. These results showed tillers that are initiated early and have relatively ation usually have more vascular bundles, larger peduncle, more spikelets spike let filling and ultimately higher yield.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.274-281
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• 1991

The relationship between elongation of hypocotyl and its vascular transition was studied with seedling of Glycine max. the hypocotyl elongation proceeded acropetally from the base of hypocotyl toward the cotyledonary node. The vascular transition did not occur in the basal region of the hypocotyl, which did not nearly elongate, with exarch radial vascular bundles. However, the vascular transition was almost completed at the middle part of the hypocoty, more or less elongated, with endarch collateral vascular bundles. Such bundles also appeared in the uppermost region of the hypocotyl, in which the elongation was the most striking. These results suggested that the vascular transition was related to the hypocotyl elongation and that the transition of primary vascular system in Glycine max seedling was established by rather rapid process. Our observations of the serial sections from root to hypocotyl revealed that the vascular system through the root-hypocotyl-cotyledon was a unit, to which one of the epicotyl that did not participate in transition was superimposed.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 2003.08a
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• pp.159.1-159
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• 2003

No Abstract, See Full Text

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.366-372
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• 1994

The experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of nitrogen application on the development of small vascular bundle in the rice plants. Two cultivars, IR58, an indica type and Unbong 7, a japonica type were used in this study. The number of small vascular bundles in peduncle of different tillers was increased with the increase of nitrogen level. In the main culm, number of small vascular bundles at higher nitrogen level was increased by 39% in IR58 and 24% in Unbong 7 compared with nitrogen free plot. The main culm had more small vascular bundles in the peduncle and number of small vascular bundle was decreased with later tiller order and tiller development. The number and cross sectional area of small vascular bundles in flag leaf blade and sheath of main culm were increased with increasing levels of nitrogen. The number of small vascular bundles in peduncle was highly correlated with the number of spikelets and grain weight per panicle.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.356-361
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• 1984

The experiment was carried out in order to investigate the development of vascular bundles and air spaces of rice internode, and its relationships to the panicle characteristics of rice varieties. The results obtained were as follows; The number of total vascular bundles in upper 1st internode was significantly different among varieties, but there was no remarkable differences among varieties and nodal positions below the 2nd internode. In the 5th internode 21-31 air spaces according to varieties was developed, however, no air space was found in upper 1st and 2nd internodes at maturing stage. Significant varietal difference of air space was observed in upper 4th internode. The number of vascular bundles, internodal thickness were positively correlated with panicle length, the number of rachis branches, and the spikelets in rice varieties.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.107-115
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• 1985

Experiments were carried out to find out varietal differences in vascular bundles and air spaces in the internodes, in relation to ear characteristics using plant samples from various N levels. The number and size of large vascular bundles in the internodes increased by increasing N fertilization, especially in the 1st internodes for the numbers, and 3rd, 4th, and 5th internodes for the size. Comparing the varieties, indica/japonica cross-bred varieties had more and larger vascular bundles than japonica varieties. The number of air spaces also increased by the increase of N fertilization. Comparing the varieties, Pungsanbyeo and Chucheongbyeo had more air spaces than Yushin and Jinheung in 3rd or upper internodes. The number and size of vascular bundles and the thickness of internodes had significant correlation with the panicle length, number of primary and secondary branches and number of spikelets per panicle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.824-830
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• 2008

Sodium hydroxide (SH) or ammonium bicarbonate (AB) were applied to rice straw to investigate the effects on histological change of stem tissue or cell wall before and after in sacco degradation using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The SEM revealed that, the parenchyma and vascular bundles were distorted by treatment with SH at 30 or 45 g/kg straw dry matter. Faultage between phloem of large vascular bundles and parenchyma occurred with further increasing SH to 60 or 75 g/kg. The cell wall in these stem tissues was crimped when observed by TEM. However, only parenchyma and large vascular tissues were slightly distorted in AB-treated stem. For untreated and AB-treated stems, the initiation of observable ruminal degradation of cell wall was prolonged from 12 h for inner parenchyma to 24 h for sclerenchyma and to 48 h for phloem of small vascular bundles, while the outer epidermis was intact even at 72 h. For SH-treated stem, however, the cell wall from all of the investigated tissues, epidermis, small vascular bundles, sclerenchyma, and parenchyma started to be degraded at 12 h incubation. These results indicate that SH treatment contracts rice straw stem leading to an improvement in rumen degradation, and that the degradation of SH-treated stem is bilateral from inner and outer surface simultaneously.