• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.46-59
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• 2002

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the variation of tool electrode edge wear and machining performance outputs, namely, the machining rate (workpiece removal rate), tool wear rate and the relative wear, with the varying machining parameters (pulse time, discharge current and dielectric flushing pressure) in EDM die sinking. The edge wear profiles obtained are modeled by using the circular arcs, exponential and poller functions. The variation of radii of the circular arcs with machining parameters is given. It is observed that the exponential function models the edge wear profiles of the electrodes, very accurately. The variation of exponential model parameters with machining parameters is presented.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.80-87
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• 1999

Objectives. The Study of Small Area Variation(SAV) is most interesting issue in the health care researches. Most studies of SAV have been concluded the existences of variation on the basis of the magnitude of variation without statistical testing. But it is difficult to explain the existence of variation with this way because variation indicies are easily influenced by several parameters and also their distribution are skewed. So, it needs for the study to investigate the distribution of these indices and develop the statistical testing model. Methods. This study was planned to analyze on the distribution of variation indices such as Extremal Quotient(EQ), Coefficient of Variation(CV), Systematic Component of Variation(SCV) and compare the statistical power among indicies. The simulations was performed on the basis of several assumptions and compared to the empirical data. Results. Main findings can be summarized as follows. 1. If other conditions are constant, the more number of regions, the larger 95 percentile of EQ. But under same situation, 95 percentile of CV and SCV were slightly decreased. 2. If the size of regional population or utilization rate were increased, 95 percentile of all statistics were decreased. Also in the cases of small population size and low utilization rate, 95 percentiles of EQ showed various change contrast to the little change of CV. 3. If the difference at the size of regional population were increased, 95 percentiles of EQ and SCV were increased contrast to the little different of CV. 4. If the utilization rate were increased, 95 percentiles of all indicies were increased. But under the same difference of utilization rate, the power of CV and SCV were increased comparing to no change of the power of EQ. 5. Usually the power of EQ were lower than that of CV or SCV and it is similar between CV and SCV. Conclusions. Therefore, we suggest that in selecting the variation indicies at the SAV, CV or SCV are superior than EQ in terms of significance level and power.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.31-44
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• 1987

Nowadays, the problems of energy and environmental pollution become serious day by day and the diesel engine, which has been proved to be superior to gasoline engine with respect to fuel consumption and ecological problems of exhaust gas, has been adopted widely for various purposes from the marine diesel engine and the dynamo engine to all kinds of engine on land. Therefore, extensive parametric studies on combustion of diesel engine should be done for its desing and improvement. To predict the behavior of diesel engien according to variable operating conditions by means of cycle simulation, the reasonable pattern of heat release rate has to be asumed. But it is necessary to know the actual variation of heat release rate in order to assume the reasonable pattern of heat release rate according to the actual operating conditions. In this paper, on a high speed small bore diesel engine with pre-combustion chamber, experimental investigations were carried out to determine the relationship between the heat release pattern and parameters such as engine load and speed. And also, the theoretical investigations about the performance variations of the above diesel engine according to the predicted pattern of heat release rate variation were performed. From the above observations, it may be said that the Fanboro indicator, which was used to get the cylinder pressure, can be used to estimate a reasonable pattern of heat release rate and it is confirmed that the pattern of heat release rate for the pre-combustion type engine is different from that of the direct injection type engine.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.2 s.159
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• pp.73-81
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• 2005

This study was conducted to examine the geographic variation among provenances of Pinus densiflora in survival rate and height growth at four test plantations (Jungsun, Chungju, Naju, and Jeju). The plantations were parts of the eleven provenance trials of Pinus densiflora established by Korea Forest Research Institute in 1996. The survival rate and height growth were significantly different among test plantations at $p{\leq}0.01$. Latitude and longitude of test plantation were negatively correlated with survival rate and height growth. On the other hand, annual mean temperature, mean temperature (Nov.~Feb.), extremely low temperature (Dec.~Feb.), and annual mean growing days of test plantation were positively correlated with these two. The relationships between growth variables and geographic variables were analysed with canonical correlation analysis. A considerable amount of variation in survival rate and height growth was explained by latitude, annual mean growing days, extremely low temperature (Dec.~Feb.) and extremely high temperature (Nov.~Feb.) of provenances. It is estimated that up to 47.1% and 67.4% of the genetic variability in survival rate and height growth was attributable to the environmental variability of the provenances, respectively. The response surface curve of survival rate and height growth was plotted against latitude and longitude to examine growth performance of provenances for each test site. Generally, the local provenances showed better survival rate and height growth.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.1132-1137
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• 2011

MRE(magneto-rheological elastomers) is a material which shows reversible and various modulus in magnetic field. Comparing to conventional rubber vibration isolator, MREs are able to absorb vibration of broader frequency range. These characteristic phenomena result from the orientation of magnetic particles named carbonyl iron powder(CIP) in rubber matrix. In this paper, simulation on variation rate of shear modulus for anisotropic MRE due to volume fraction of CIP and an effective permeability model was applied to predict the field-induced shear modulus of MREs. Also, the variation rate of shear modulus for anisotropic MRE was derived using magneto-mechanical theory. Based on Maxwell-Garnett mixing rule, the increment of shear modulus was calculated to evaluate the shear modulus of MREs with column structure of CIP due to induced current. The simulation results on variation rate of shear modulus can be applied to the variable mechanical system of MRE such as tunable vibration absorber, stiffness variable bush and mount.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.61 no.10
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• pp.1554-1560
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• 2012

In this paper, the even harmonic current(2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th) of the arc fault current and normal current were measured in computer load and analyzed. The BPF with GIC was developed to detection of harmonic, the exact center frequency and a high degree of sharpness could be easily obtained. The total even harmonic distortion due to series arc fault in computer load was 31.2%, this value was increased 3.9 times better than the total even harmonic distortion of normal current. The results of analysis of arc fault current RMS variation rate and Peak variation rate per half-cycle, The RMS average variation rate are as follows ; the 2nd harmonic was 0.24, the 4th harmonic was 0.15, the 6th harmonic was 0.19, the 8th harmonic was 0.25, respectively. The Peak average variation rate are as follows ; the 2nd harmonic was 0.19, the 4th harmonic was 0.12, the 6th harmonic was 0.13, the 8th harmonic was 0.15, respectively. The results of this analysis utilize data to detect of series arc fault on wiring of computer load.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.17-22
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• 2013

Fuzzy linear regression method has been used for short-term load forecasting of the special day in the previous researches. However, considerable load forecasting errors would be occurring if a special day is located on Saturday or Monday. In this paper, a new load forecasting method for the consecutive holidays is proposed with the consideration of the power demand variation rate. In the proposed method, a exponential smoothing model reflecting temperature is used to short-term load forecasting for Sunday during the consecutive holidays and then the loads of the special day during the consecutive holidays is calculated using the hourly power demand variation rate between the previous similar consecutive holidays. The proposed method is tested with 10 cases of the consecutive holidays from 2009 to 2012. Test results show that the average accuracy of the proposed method is improved about 2.96% by comparison with the fuzzy linear regression method.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.387-392
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• 1994

Purpose : This study was done to confirm the reference point variation according to variation in applicator configuration in each fractioation of HDR ICR. Materials and Methods : We analyzed the treatment planning of HDRICR for 33 uterine cervical cancer patients treated in department of therapeutic radiology from January 1992 to February 1992. Analysis was done with respect to three view points-Interfractionation A point variation, interfractionation bladder and rectum dose ratio variation, interfractionation treatment volume variation. Interfractionation A point variation was defined as difference between maximum and minimum distance from fixed rectal point to A point in each patient. Interfractionation bladder and rectum dose ratio variation was defined as difference between maximum and minimum dose ratio of bladder or rectum to A point dose in each patient, Interfractionation treatment volume variation was defined as difference between miximum and minimum treatment volume which absorbed over the described dose-that is, 350 cGy or 400 cGy-in each patient. Results The mean of distance from rectum to A point was 4.44cm, and the mean of interfractionation distance variation was 1.14 cm in right side,1.09 cm in left side. The mean of bladder and rectum dose ratio was $63.8\%$ and $63.1\%$ and the mean of interfractionation variation was $14.9\%$ and $15.8\%$ respectively. With fixed planning administration of same planning to all fractionations as in first fractionation planning-mean of bladder and rectum dose ratio was $64.9\%$ and $72.3\%$.and the mean of interfraction variation was $28.1\%$ and $48.1\%$ reapectively. The mean of treatment volume was $84.15cm^3$ and the interfractionation variation was $21.47cm^2$. Conclusion : From these data, it was confirmed that there should be adapted planning for every fractionation ,and that confirmation device installed in ICR room would reduce the interfractionation variation due to more stable applicator configuration.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.199-210
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• 2020

Background: Based on the importance of ceasing smoking programs to control the regional disparity of smoking behavior in Korea, this study aims to reveal the variation of smoke rate and determinants of it for 229 provinces. An evaluation of the relative efficiency of the cease smoking program under the consideration of regional characteristics was followed. Methods: The main sources of data are the Korean Statistical Information Service and a national survey on the expenditure of public health centers. Multivariate regression is performed to figure the determinants of regional variation of smoking rate. Based on the result of the regression model, clustering analysis was conducted to group 229 regions by their characteristics. Three clusters were generated. Using data envelopment analysis (DEA), relative efficiency scores are calculated. Results from the pooled model which put 229 provinces in one model to score relative efficiency were compared with the cluster-separated model of each cluster. Results: First, the maximum variation of the smoking rate was 16.9%p. Second, sex ration, the proportion of the elder, and high risk drinking alcohol behavior have a significant role in the regional variation of smoking. Third, the population and proportion of the elder are the main variables for clustering. Fourth, dissimilarity on the results of relative efficiency was found between the pooled model and cluster-separated model, especially for cluster 2. Conclusion: This study figured regional variation of smoking rate and its determinants on the regional level. Unconformity of the DEA results between different models implies the issues on regional features when the regional evaluation performed especially on the programs of public health centers.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1993.06a
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• pp.109-112
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• 1993

In this paper, we propose the modified VQ, applied correlation between codewords in order to reduce the error rate due to personal and speakers' temporal variation. Such a modified VQ is used in the stage of preprocessing of HMM and the temporal variation is absorbed by nonlinear Decimation and Interpolation of vowel part that we obtain higher recognition rate than not so case. The objects of experiment are Korea 142 DDD regional names and we show that the proposed method increase the recognition rate.