• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.157-162
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• 2015

The physical factors of Argiope bruennichi (Araneae, Araneidae) that influence the stabilimentum decoration on the web, a conspicuous white silk structure reflecting much more ultraviolet light than other spider silks in the web, have been poorly understood. In this study, individual variables involved in decorating the webs with stabilimenta by A. bruennichi were examined. The results revealed that the physical condition of the female A. bruennichi affected the behaviors of the stabilimentum decoration on the web. Among the 82 female spiders building their webs, the 49 female spiders adding upper and lower stabilimenta on their web weighed less, and had a narrower cephalothorax and shorter abdomen than the 33 female spiders that did not use stabilimentum. The heavier females decorated their webs with stabilimentum of greater widths. There were also significant positive relationships between the stabilimentum area and the female spider's cephalothorax width, and between the stabilimentum area and female spider's abdomen length. Taken together, this study suggests that spiders allocate their resources in stabilimentum decoration as a functional response to the spider's physical conditions, and also supports the "prey-attraction hypothesis," which states that the use of stabilimentum increases the foraging success by attracting more prey to the web.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 2004

The enhancement of C2(Command and Control) system will increase effectiveness of individual force power in combat engagement. Especially, available time of a given engaging force and information accuracy are the most influencing factors to increment of combat effectiveness after enhancement of C2 system. In this paper, by using Schutzer's C2 Theory and Measures of Effectiveness, we developed several analytical functions representing the relationships between C2 system enhancement and two most critical variables, available time and information accuracy. As a result of functional analysis, we showed C2 system enhancement and combat effectiveness have positive and non-linear relationship. The higher level of C2 system be required, the better combat effectiveness of force power can be obtained. Additionally, we proposed a proposition that the combat effectiveness of C2 system is more sensitive to available time than to information accuracy, which might be very important issue for further research in this field.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.110-121
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• 2022

Leaf functional traits widely have been used to understand the environmental controls of resource utilization strategy of plants along the environmental gradients. By using key leaf functional traits, we quantified the relationships between leaf traits and local climate throughout the distributional range of Rhododendron caucasicum Pall. in eastern and western Georgian mountains (the South Caucasus). Our results revealed, that all traits showed high levels of intraspecific variability across study locations and confirmed a strong phenotypic differentiation of leaf functional variation along the east-west longitudinal gradient in response to the local climate; out of the explored climatic variables, the moisture factors related to precipitation and number of precipitation and dry days for winter and growth seasons were more strongly related to leaf trait variation than the elevation and air temperature. Among studied leaf traits, the leaf specific area (SLA) showed the highest level of variability indicating the different resource utilization strategies of eastern and western-central Rh. caucasicum individuals. High SLA leaves for western-central Caucasian individuals work in relatively resource-rich environments (more humid in terms of precipitation amount and the number of precipitation days in winter) and could be explained by preferential allocation to photosynthesis and growth, while eastern Caucasian samples work in resource-poor environments (less humid in terms of precipitation amount and the number of precipitation days in winter) and the retention of captured resources is a higher priority appearing in a low SLA leaves. However, more evidence from a broader study of the species throughout its distribution range by including additional environmental factors and molecular markers are needed for firmer conclusions of intraspecific variability of Rh. caucasicum.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.31-45
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• 2020

The biological indices based on the community structure with species richness and/or abundance are commonly used to assess aquatic ecosystem health. Meanwhile, recently functional traits-based approach is considered in ecosystem health assessment to reflect ecosystem functioning. In this study, we developed a database of biological traits for 136 taxa consisting of major stream insects (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera, and Odonata) collected at Korean streams on the nationwide scale. In addition, we obtained environmental variables in five categories (geography, climate, land use, hydrology and physicochemistry) measured at each sampling site. We evaluated the relationships between community indices based on taxonomic diversity and functional diversity estimated from biological traits. We classified sampling sites based on similarities of their environmental variables and evaluated relations between clusters of sampling sites and diversity indices and biological traits. Our results showed that functional diversity was highly correlated with Shannon diversity index and species richness. The six clusters of sampling sites defined by a hierarchical cluster analysis reflected differences of their environmental variables. Samples in cluster 1 were mostly from high altitude areas, whereas samples in cluster 6 were from lowland areas. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) displayed similar patterns with cluster analysis and presented variation of taxonomic diversity and functional diversity. Based on NMDS and community-weighted mean trait value matrix, species in clusters 1-3 displayed the resistance strategy in the life history strategy to the environmental variables whereas species in clusters 4-6 presented the resilience strategy. These results suggest that functional diversity can complement the biological monitoring assessment based on taxonomic diversity and can be used as biological monitoring assessment tool reflecting changes of ecosystem functioning responding to environmental changes.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.274-287
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the actual state of cooking wine usage, and analyze the relationship between the attributes of cooking wine and demographic characteristics. The major findings of this study are as follows. First, the origin and correct choice of cooking wine were significantly related to hotel type, restaurant type and career. Second, the importance of the taste and aroma of a cooking wine, which are intrinsic attributes in the evaluation of a wine, had significant relationships with all the demographic variables whereas the importance of purchase cost and label information of the cooking wine only exhibited a significant correlation with career (p<0.05). Third, 53.7% of the respondents used cooking wine based on recipes, while the rest used it by rule of thumb. These results between restaurant type were significantly different (p<0.05). For the results of this research to be of more use, further research should be conducted on the functional aspects of cooking wine and their effects on cooking. In addition, further systematic research should be performed on the functional and sensory effects of a variety of wine tastes and aromas on cooking.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2002

Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have the capability to develop functional relationships between input-output patterns obtained from any source. Thus ANN can be conveniently used to develop a generalised relationship from limited and sometimes inconsistent data, and can therefore also be applied to tackle the data obtained from wind tunnel tests on building models with large number of variables. In this paper ANN model has been developed for predicting wind induced pressures in various zones of a Gable Building from limited test data. The procedure is also extended to a case wherein interference effects on a gable roof building by a similar building are studied. It is found that the Artificial Neural Network modelling is seen to predict successfully, the pressure coefficients for any roof slope that has not been covered by the experimental study. It is seen that ANN modelling can lead to a reduction of the wind tunnel testing effort for interference studies to almost half.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.1-17
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• 1996

To demonstrate the clinical usefulness of electroencephalography (EEG) and factors increasing the usefulness of EEG, the authors evaluated each relationship between EEG related factors and clinical variables, and neuroimaging studies (CT and MRI)-related factors, and factors which are related with routine neurological examination for 207 patients who had been evaluated with both of EEG and neuroimaging study(CT or/and MRI). The results were as follows: 1) Abnormality of EEG findings had significant relationships with chief complaints, diagnosis, medication use, seizure attack, pathological reflex, and level of consciousness. However there were no significant correlations between abnormality of EEG findings and neuroimaging studies (CT and MRI)- related factors. 2) Laterality of EEG findings had significant relationships with abnormality, laterality, and focality of CT findings, and also with abnormality of MRI findings. But there were no significant correlations between laterality of EEG findings and clinical variables, and neurological examination-related factors. 3) Anterior-posterior distribution of EEG findings was significantly related with medication use. 4) Focality of EEG findings had significant relationships with sex, sensory dysfunction sign, and cerebellar dysfunction sign. But there were no significant correlations between focality of EEG findings and neuroimaging studies(CT and MRI) related factors. 5) Abnormal EEG pattern had significant correlations with various factors, such as age, chief complaints, duration from onset of symptom to taking MRI, seizure attack, abnormality and nature of lesion in CT findings, cortical atrophy in MRI findings, motor dysfunction sign, sensory dysfunction sign, and pathological reflex. 6) With abnormality on sleep activation, age, age of onset, seizure attack, ventricular enlargement in CT findings, and abnormality of MRI findings were significantly correlated. 7) With abnormality on hyperventilation activation, duration of illness and laterality of MRI findings were significantly correlated. Above results may suggest that abnormality of EEG findings is more closely related with functional change of the brain than structural changes of the brain and laterality of EEG findings is vice versa. And also that medication use has an influence on anterior versus posterior distribution of EEG findings and focality of EEG findings is not related with structural changes of the brain. Activation with sleep may be effective to show age differences and provocation of seizure activity and hyperventilation may be effective to detect the abnormal EEG findings by cerebrovascular insufficiency.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.84-92
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• 1995

A method is proposed for the simultaneous optimization of several response functions that depend on the same set of controllable variables and are adequately represented by a response surface model (polynomial regression model) with the same degree and with constraint that the individual responses have the target values. First, the multiple responses data are checked for linear dependencies among the responses by eigenvalue analysis. Thus a set of responses with no linear functional relationships is used in developing a function that measures the distance estimated responses from the target values. We choose the optimal condition that minimizes this measure. Also, under the different degree of importance two step procedures are proposed.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2000

Relationships between hydrologic variables are often nonlinear. Usually the functional form of such a relationship is not known a priori. A multivariate, nonparametric regression methodology is provided here for approximating the underlying regression function using locally weighted polynomials. Locally weighted polynomials consider the approximation of the target function through a Taylor series expansion of the function in the neighborhood of the point of estimate. The utility of this nonparametric regression approach is demonstrated through an application to nonparametric short term forecasts of the biweekly Great Salt Lake volume.volume.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.77-89
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• 2019

Purpose - This study presents the relationships between parent brand-self image congruence, parent brand -functional congruity, perceived fit between parent brand and extension product, and consumer's attitude toward extension product using the structural equation model. As for preceding concepts having a direct effect on consumer's attitude toward brand extension, the study focuses on parent brand-self image congruence and parent brand-functional congruity. It also looks at the effect of parent brand-self image congruence and parent brand-functional congruity on the consumer's attitude toward extension product and identifies if the perceived fit between parent brand and extension product is a concept playing a mediating role between parent brand-self image congruence or parent brand-functional congruity and consumer's attitude toward brand extension product. Research design, data, and Methodology - SPSS for Windows 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 were used for data analysis. Then, the Cronbach's α coefficient was obtained using SPSS for Windows 18.0 to measure reliability. In addition, the convergence and discriminative measures of the measured items were statistically verified using AMOS 18.0. Finally, we have validated a path model and a parameter model in which brand personality-self-matched attitude toward brand extension. Results - Studies have shown that the impact of parent brand-self image consistency and parent brand-functional consistency on the attitude of extended products was positive. Perceived fit between parent brand and extension products has been shown to play a role of intermediary between parent brand-self image congruence and consumer attitudes to extended products. However, perceived fit between parent brand and extension products did not play a role as intermediary between the parent brand-functional congruity and the attitude toward the extended product. Finally, in relation to the causal relationship between parent brand-congruity (self image/functionality) and attitudes to extended products. The effect of parent brand-functional coherency on attitudes toward extended products was found to be greater in groups with higher involvement than in those with lower involvement. Conclusions - Although few studies have been done on what variables mediated when parent brand-self image consistency and parent brand-functional coherency affect consumer attitude, this paper is significant in finding whether perceived fitness between the parent brand-congruity and the extension product is mediated.