• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.251-268
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• 2014

Applying the data from 64 single(26 men and 38 women) and 71 childless married men and women(37 men and 34 women) aged between 30 and 45, this study is to understand their future fertility intention. For this purpose, ideal and real number of children that participants plan to have were compared using paired t-test. Second, demographic variables(sex, age, marital status), child care related variables(thoughts about caring children, child care value), individual characteristics(gender role attitude, relation orientation) and social context variables(perceived economic condition, recognition of low fertility policies) were included in a stepwise regression model to explain expected number of children participants plan to have in the future. Results showed that ideal number of children participants wish to have was significantly higher than real number of children they expect to have in the Korean society. The stepwise regression model explained 35% of the variance of the dependent variable. Among four types of variables, child care related variables most powerfully explained expected number of children study participants plan to have in the future. Finally, age, child care value, gender role attitude, and relation orientation significantly explained expected number of children in the future.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.7 no.11
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• pp.150-157
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• 2007

The image calls forth the curiosity of the children. children experience the many thing through the image and it makes children to study naturally. Specially, the animation socializes children and it plays an important role in form of a self-identity. The gender-identity reappearance of the animation character is important. Gender-identity reappearance type of the animation character is able to classify with the reappearance type of visual information and the narrative. The narrative reappearance type does more clearly visual information reappearance type. Also classifying the gender-identity of animation character aspects into each type, they are; gender stereotype that character reflects the conservative and commercial ideology; gender non-stereotype that character doesn't reflect gender stereotype. But reappearance of the gender non-stereotype character as well, it is stopping in the exaggeration or the caricature of gender role of the character. Consequently the animation characters must be reappeared with the character which have the future oriented gender identity-as one human being that forms a value subjectively. The animation which reappears the future oriented gender-identity plants a proper self-perception and gender role in children and relaxes the traditional gender-identity which is already acquired.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.289-297
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to categorize and to understand the structure of subjectivity in the gender role identity of older female adults. The perception of gender role identity is subjective and varies according to the uniqueness of individual experiences and the value of social culture. Methods: Q-methodology, a technique for extracting subjective opinions was used. In 2010, forty participants completed the Q-sort activity, rating each statement relative to the others. The Q sample has two categories, representing masculinity and femininity, and each category has 20 statements, resulting in 40 adjectives. Results: Using the Q factor analysis, three classifications were identified: 'caring-affectionate type,', 'assertive-confident type,' and 'sensitive-affectionate type.' Despite the differences among the three types in this research, elderly females are likely to have the understanding and patience to comfort others and care for the children. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed new dimensional types of gender role identity and raise the issue of why we need to develop methods for the new dimensional types. Based on the results, further research is needed to compare the findings with those of older males or with women of different age groups.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.129-145
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• 2016

This study focuses on the differences in family values, which is a cause of family dissolution and conflicts of marriage immigrant women. This study was conducted on 441 women in Vietnam. It was done to explore their family values. Specifically, the following were examined: the overall family values and martial status of Vietnamese women; differences in their family values by region (northern, central, southern). The survey questionnaire consists of the following content: 'family perception'; 'gender-role values'; 'elderly parent support value'. The characteristics of family values of Vietnamese women are as follows. First, the scope of family perceived by them was relatively narrow. In particular, most of them didn't perceive the parents of a spouse as a familymember. Second, in terms of gender-roles, they perceived men and women as equal and didn't have strong perception of traditional gender roles. Third, they felt strongly about supporting elderly parents. The perception of supporting elderly parents is based on equal gender roles, instead of the paternalistic approach. They preferred financial support to living with parents. There were also differences in family values by region. Also, their values seemed to be the opposite of the ones well-known by region. In addition, their values were changing amid economic growth and modernization. Residents in Can Tho in the south - known to have open-minded Southeast Asian values - had the most patrilineal, traditional values with strong perception towards supporting elderly parents. Residents in Hanoi in the north - known to have heavy influence of Confucian culture - had non-traditional values with positive attitude towards liberal sex culture, divorce, and remarriage. Residents in Da Nang, a central region, had a mixture of northern and southern characteristics in terms of family values.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.78-92
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• 2010

The culture phenomenon, which the desire of self expression is noticeable and the diversity of gender identity is widely accepted, simply makes a difference in the lifestyle of one human being rather than the dichotomous classification of male and female. Now, the delicate and aesthetic sensitivity classified as the feminine characteristics is no longer the exclusive property of female and this refers to substituting it as a social gender from the concept of biological sex. This phenomenon has influenced on the male culture and is creating various codes according to the cultural gender extended from the gender as a social role. Also, the transition into the western lifestyle has extended the aesthetic emotion to accommodate new codes from the diversification and globalization of lifestyle. The mansumer power, which does not care too much about the money for the emotionally attached items, has enabled various fashion styles. After analyzing the diversified clothing behavior conducted by these people in connection with the social phenomenon, First, this shows the phenomenon of emotional value pursuit that finds pleasure over the clothing as the item of augmented reality is added to the concept of play, in which the real space referred to as garment and virtual space of playing the rock, paper and scissors game meet together within the augmented reality. Second, the convergence concept has enabled the coordination of new style by obscuring the area of design concept and this refers to the changes in design from the development of new items and transformation into double-style details. Third, the divergence that intensively provides specific use/convenience and specialized value shows a change in the fashion market from the phenomenon that admits various gene rations of culture and specifically, takes differently about the recognition of middle-aged males. Fourth, the variety seeking tendency receives attention as the value of future design together with the phenomenon of discriminative value pursuit. In the male fashion, it is linked to the collaboration with the design area and this tells that the fashion with the narcissistic cross-dressing and motto of neutral gender without being sided to male/female is rising.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.373-383
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• 2002

This study was performed to develope a scale of gender role identity in Korean adults based on the Bem's theory of androgyny. Although there were several tools in Korea, they were revealed having some problems of cultural differences, translation biases, and methodological problems. Methods: A list of 78 items were developed using the existing tools and descriptions from 5 married couples. The items were the typical personality characteristics which were manifested by gender, male or female. And the list contained several items which were the socially desirable personality characteristics. which would be simply used as contextual items. Validity of the 78 items were screened by 18 expert panels with 4 point Likert scale, and 57 items were judged as highly valid from 70% of the experts, which were selected as preliminary items for the tool. Using the preliminary tool which was developed as a 4 point Likert scale, data were collected from 1,127 subjects for item analysis and factor analysis. 53 items were remained, because 4 items whose item-total correlation were lower than 0.2 were excluded by the result of item analysis. Factor analysis was done with the 53 items, and 49 items whose factor loadings were same and higher than 0.4 were remained. 3 factors were identified with eigen value 2.0, and these factors were named as masculinity, femininity, and social desirability. Results and Conclusion: KGRII(Korean Gender Role Identity Inventory) which contained 45 items was developed, with 15 items for 3 factors. The reliability of the tool was very high. Cronbach alpha of the tool was 0.929, and alpha of the subscales were ranged from 0.841 to 0.922.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.593-607
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• 2021

Gender sensitivity is a concept needs to be substantially count since early childhood when a child starts understanding and developing their gender role. As such UNESCO published the guideline on Comprehensive Sexuality Education(CSE) guidelines. In Korea, the Ministry of Women and Family selected the book called 'Nadaum children's book' in order to support children to better develop the gender sensitivity in their early childhood. This study aims for qualitative research on 101 books for low-grade children of Nadaum Children's Books. Content analysis and theme analysis were conducted based on UNESCO's CSE guidelines. This is to analyze the frequency rate of the CSE concepts and how the value of gender sensitivity is described throughout the books. The results shows that 'family member' and 'value of tolerance' were most frequently appeared while 'puberty' and 'sex and health' were not included. In addition, the results of theme analysis showed that this book well described the activities pursuing the value of gender sensitivity as well as process of being materialized it.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.173-181
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of gender role conflicts, professional nursing value on career preparation behaviors of male nursing university student. Data were collected from 127 male nursing university student in grade 2-4 by using structured questionnaires from July 1 to November 30, 2018. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression by using SPSS Win 24.0 program. Multiple regression analysis showed that the predictors of career preparation behaviors were professional nursing values(${\beta}=0.28$, p=.001), satisfaction with major (${\beta}=0.23$, p=.006), club(${\beta}=.19$, p=.020) and the regression equation explained 20.8% of career preparation behaviors. Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to provide career educational programs considering according to the academic year of male nursing students and to develop educational programs to improve the nursing professionalism of male nursing students.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.133-144
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• 1997

Clothing is considered as a means of self-projection in the childhood and children show clear preference on their own favorite clothing on which their latent identity is reflected. Changing sex-role identity, in particular, in the modern complex society specially affects the clothing behavior of children. The purpose of this study is to investigate the clothing behavior of children in conjunction with sen-role identity and home environment variables. This study will provide fundamental information on the clothing behavior in the childhood and be of help in selecting appropriate clothing in accordance with the variation of sex-role identity. Necessary information for this study was obtained through a questionaire. 'Bem sex-role identity inventory' was used to investigate the effect of sex-role identity and the clothing behavior was studied in conjunction with the factors of conformity, dependence, aesthetics and interest. The subjects of investigation are composed of three hundred male and female elementary school students in the 5th and 6th grades. For the statistical analysis of the collected data, percentage(%), mean value(M), standard deviation(SD) and Pearson's correlation coefficient were calculated and t-test, $x^2$-test, and Duncan's multiple range test were performed. The results form this study are as follows : 1. Sex-role identity shows a little difference according to gender, order of a birth and standard of living. This small difference is shown to be statistically insignificant. 2. In clothing behavior in connection with the sex-role identity, statistically significant trend was not found in typical sex-role identity group. However, clothing behavior in modernistic sex-role identity group exhibits statistically significant results in the factors of dependence, aesthetics and interest at the level of P<.001. 3. As concerns the clothing behavior in connection with gender, boy students show statistically more significant tendency in aesthetics and interest than girls do. However, boy students show statistically more significant tendency in aesthetics than girls do in connection with the standard of living. Although the clothing behavior associated with the level of parents education, mother's age and existence of mother's job shows a little difference in mean values, statistically significant trend was not detected. 4. Clothing behavior of the children shows a meaningful correlation between the factors. 5. Through 3-dimensional variables analysis, it is found that there is no mutual interaction between gender, sex-role identity and standard of living on the clothing behavior. The results from MCA supplementary analysis reveal that there is difference according to the gender, sex-role identity and standard of living.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.320-349
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• 2018

Purpose: The application of IoT is finding continuous acceptance in our daily lives, particularly, smart speakers are making life easier and convenient for consumers. This research aims to develop and test an integrated model of factors influencing consumer's adoption of voice-enabled IoT devices. Design/methodology/approach: Based on the VAM, an integrated voice-enabled IoT device adoption model is proposed. Gender differences on five constructs relating with perceived value (perceived usefulness, perceived enjoyment, perceived security risk, perceived technicality and perceived cost) was also examined through PLS-MGA technique. The usage experience of consumers was also controlled in the integrated VAM. Findings: Result shows that Perceived-Usefulness, Perceived-Enjoyment and Perceived-Cost have a strong effect on Perceived-Value. However, Perceived-Technicality and Perceived-Security-Risk are non-influential and have no significant effect on PV. Additionally, Perceived-Value and Social-Influence plays a significant role in predicting adoption intention. Gender differences also exist in consumers perception of usefulness, enjoyment and cost. In comparison to the basic value-based adoption model, the integrated model provides more insight on consumers adoption of voice-enabled IoT devices. Originality/value: Using an integrated model, this study is one of the first scholarly attempt at modelling the influential factors for adopting smart speakers i.e., voice-enabled IoT devices, with implications for improved adoption.