• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.43-56
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• 1994

Although the officially confirmed incidence of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS) has remained low thus far in Korea, the progression of the pandemic has been rapid, concerned about an eventual increase in transmission. Until a vaccine or cure is found, public information and education remain an important weapon against AIDS. For the year 2000, the current WHO projection is that there will be a cumulative total of 40 million HIV infections in man, woman and children, of which more than 90％ will be in the developing countries. The incerased mortality among adults and children has raised concerns that AIDS may become so devastaing as to reverse positive population growth rates and wipe out entire population. In order to plan for the rising incidence of patient with AIDS, an assessment of AIDS-related cognition and behavior, attitude of the recognized high-risk groups is necessary. Considering that undergraduates have sexuality active and more oriented toward sexual concerns than other ages. Adolescents today are more sexually involved than in the past: The media, including films, music, and television, reinforce sexual concerns by preseating images of highly sexual adolescents. Incidence of both petting and sexual intercourse in higher and occurs at earlier ages, they are important reservoir of AIDS infection. Hence, it has become important to emymerats and describe the knowledge, attitude and behavior of them, I want.. This information will eventually guide the direction of change in public policies and education programs to meet the challenges of AIDS. The objective of this study were to identity Knowledge, Attitude, Experience of Sex and AIDS in Korea. The data were collected by survey at Korean Federation for AIDS Affairs, INC. and J university, K junior college. After October in 1993, surveyed with 507 student during their's college days in Seoul. The questionnaire was designed to provide information on sex and AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes and experience. AIDS-related knowledge was measured by using 26 questions on mode of transmission and AIDS-related attitudes were measured by 7 questions, AIDS-related experience was measured by 5 questions. There were the main dependent variables in our study, In conclusion, students during their university day need to develop AIDS-preventive education programs. Clearly, the many AIDS-prevention educational effort need to be guided by well trained health agents. Financial supports from all sectors (i.e., public and private) of our society are required to achieve that end. Further researches on AIDS-related Knowledge and Attitude and behaviors of undergraduates are needed for the development of comprehensive AIDS prevention programs.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.357-369
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• 2005

Streptococci are Gram-positive, facultative anaerobes and have no catalase activities. Among mutans streptococci containing ${\alpha}-type$ hemolytic activity, S. mutans is a causative agent for dental caries. As well as acid production yielding the demineralization of tooth enamel, adherence and colonization of S. mutans to the teeth are also important for its virulence. These early colonization are accomplished by the bacterial fibrillar protein, Antigen I/II (Ag I/II) and glucosyltransferase (GTF). Therefore, Ag I/II and GTF are reasonable targets for the development of vaccine against S. mutans GS-5. The ag I/II and gtfD genes from S. mutans GS-5 were cloned and sequenced. Sequence analyses showed the nucleotides sequence of cloned genes had high homology to the sequences previously reported. The sequence alignment of 280 nucleotides between the cloned Ag I/II and the available sequence of the corresponding S. mutans GS-5 showed the perfect match. Comparing with the sequence of gtfD from S. mutans UA159, the corresponding nucleotide sequence of S. mutans GS-5 showed some mismatches and the mismatches introduced changes in four residues out of 105 amino acids, yielding four missense mutations.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.115-126
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to confirm the extent of the reduction in the total cost of ownership of the open source software in comparison to the commercial software installed for information system, PC and cloud computing. Accordingly, the actual reduction rates in the total cost of ownership, when open source software is installed in the information system, PC and cloud computing, were computed and analyzed for 51 companies in the area of information system, 18 companies in the area of PC and 6 companies in the area of cloud computing, which included government institution, educational institution and private enterprises. The results of expert survey illustrated that the reduction rates are (1)63.3% on the average for the 4areas of information system, namely, DBMS, WAS, Web and OS, (2) 59.4% on the average for the 6 areas of PC, namely, OS, Documentation Program, Back-up and Restoration, Screen Capture, Vaccine and Others and (3) 61.2% on the average for the 6 areas of cloud computing, namely, Virtualization, OS, WEM/WAS, DBMS, DFS and Cloud Management.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.107-117
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• 2006

This paper described the epidemiological characteristics of 2002 outbreak of classical swine fever (CSF) in Korea. A total of thirteen CSF-infected farms could be classified into two clusters according to the location and time of outbreak. Two farms located in the same county of Gangwon province and 11 farms located in several different districts of Incheon metropolitan/Gyeonggi province were identified as CSF-infected from April 16 to 30 and from October 7 to December 21 in 2002, respectively. As the result of epidemiological analysis, the two clusters of outbreaks were turned out to be independent epidemics which had different sources of virus introduction. Three farms were found to have been infected primarily; one located in Cheolwon county of Gangwon province and two located in Kangwha county of Incheon metropolitan area. The most likely factors of virus introduction into these primary infected farms were considered to be direct or indirect contact by foreign workers and/or owners of the infected farms who had come back from traveling in China before outbreaks. This was supported by the genetic typing of CSF viruses isolated from the pigs of infected farms. All the virus isolates of 2002 outbreak were found to be genetic type 2, whereas the viruses isolated before 2000 were type 3 and the reference strains, such as attenuated live vaccine virus (LOM strain) and high virulent challenge virus (ALD strain), were type 1. Accordingly, we concluded that the 2002 CSF outbreak must have been caused by a newly introduced virus from overseas and the type 3 virus must have been eradicated after the last outbreak of 1999 by the national CSF eradication campaign which were implemented since 1996. Based on the combined analysis of epidemiological data and genetic typing, the transmission routes of classical swine fever virus were found to be the movement of vehicles (60%) and persons (10%), neighbourhood spread (20%) and unknown (10%). It is expected that the analyzed data and findings of classical swine fever outbreak epidemic could be very useful to establish the disease control and eradication program for the country in the future.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.157-165
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• 2001

Amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP) technique is based on the polymorphism detection through selective PCR amplification of restriction fragments from digested genomic DNA and thus includes the procedures of the total DNA digestion by endonucleases, ligation of adapters to the ends of the fragments, and following the selective amplification of the restricted DNA fragments. This study were aimed to : (1) determine the genetic variability of S aureus strains, (2) estimate genetic diversity within and among these strains, (3) compare phylogenetic relationships among these strains as genetic markers using AFLP techniques. Genomic DNA was digested with a particular combination of three restriction enzymes with specific recognition sites and the DNA fragments were ligated to restriction specific adapters and amplified using the selective primer combinations. In the S aureus strain, the number of scorable AFLP bands detected per each primer combination varied from 29 to 102, with an average of 61.59 using 27 primer combinations. A total of 1,663 markers were generated, 904 bands of which were polymorphic, showing a 33.48% level of polymorphism with these primer combinations. Among the primer combinations, E02/T02, E02/T03, E04/H02, E02/T01 and E04/H03 primer combinations showed a high level of polymorphism with 0.78, 0.76, 0.74, 0.71 and 0.70, respectively. But T03/H01, E01/T02 and E01/T03 primer combinations showed a low level of polymorphism with 0.38, 0.37 and 0.15, respectively, Therefore, the former primer combinations will be the most effective for AFLP analysis of S aureus. In SA1 sub-types the level of polymorphism of S aureus KCTC 1927 was similar to that of S aureus CU 01(0.825) and higher than those of other strains such as S aureus CU 02 (0.715), S aureus KCTC 2199(0.625), S aureus KCTC 1916(0.607) and S aureus KCTC 1621 (0.553). In SA2 sub-types the level of polymorphism of S aureus CU 07 was similar to that of S aureus CU 08(0.935) and higher than those of both S aureus CU 04(0.883) and S aureus CU 05(0.883) and lower than those of S aureus CU 03(0.583). In SA3 subtypes the level of polymorphism of S aureus CU 11 was similar to that of S aureus CU 12(0.913) and lower than that of S aureus CU 15(0.623). The results proved that AFLP marker analysis of S aureus strain could be used to study the epidemiology of mastitis and in addition, common genotype in geographic region could be useful for the development of an effective vaccine or DNA marker for easy diagnosis of mastitis caused by S aureus infection.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 2001

The $M_r$ 63,000 glycoprotein (GP63) and lipophosphoglycan (LPG) of Leishmania donovani were evaluated as vaccine candidates against visceral leishmaniasis. Mice were immunized with liposomeencapsulated GP63 and/or LPG that were purified from the soluble extract of L. donovani promastigotes, and were challenged with virulent amastigotes. Mice immunized with GP63/LPG in liposomes plus BCG resulted in a 27.4% reduction of amastigotes in the liver compared to the control group (liposomes plus BCG), and mice immunized with liposome-GP63 plus BCG failed to induce a protective immune response against the challenge infection. Immunization of mice with GP63 fused to the Schistosoma japonicum glutathione S-transferase (GP63-GST) plus BCG also failed to elicit protective immunity. To analyze the cause of failure to induce protection, cytokine release from the spleen cells of immunized mice and Leishmania-specific serum antibodies were analyzed. Spleen cells from mice immunized with GP63-GST plus BCG that were exposed to soluble extract of L. donovani in vitro produced 10-fold greater quantities of IFN-gamma and 3-fold greater quantities of IL-5 than cells from mice receiving BCG only or saline. Western blot analysis revealed that sera from these mice had Leishmania-specific antibodies recognizing 1 to 3 antigens of L. donovani with M. W. of 60-65 kDa. Although immunization of mice with GP63-GST induced a strong Th1 response, this study indicated that GP63-GST simultaneously elicited the Th2 response of the CD4+ T-cell, which was known to abrogate the protective immune response conferred by the Th1 effector function.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2005

Influenza is an important public health problem which occurs almost every winter in temperate climates and is often associated with increased rates of hospitalization and death. In 1999, our influenza surveillance was initiated with 4 voluntary sentinel physicians and the Public Health Center. During the 2003-2004 influenza season, 124 influenza viruses were isolated from 401 clinical specimens, which were collected from patients with Influenza-like illness(ILI) in Seoul. The case definition of ILI is a case with fever more than $38^{\circ}C$ and systemic symptoms; cough, or sore throat. ILI was the highest at the 20-49 age $group(23\%)$ and the rate of virus isolation was the highest at the 7-19 age $group(50\%)$. Among 124 influenza viruses, isolates 83 were identified as A/H3N2 type and others were subtyped as influenza B viruses in 2003-2004 season. Influenza viruses were collected $39.1\%$ at Nowon-Gu, $13.5\%$ Gangnam-Gu and Seocho-Gu etc. and the isolate rate of virus had the area difference; Yongsan-Gu $66.7\%$, Gangnam-gu $50.0\%$, Nowon-Gu $39.9\%$, Kangbuk-Gu $36.8\%$, Seocho-Gu $27.8\%$, Dongjak-Gu $21.2\%$. Out of 401 individuals, 160 was vaccinated $(40\%)$ and the vaccination rate was the highest at the 20-49 age $group(32\%)$. These findings may contribute to the recommondation of the influenza vaccine formulation and the development of influenza control measure.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.537-546
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• 2015

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious disease of pigs caused by CSF virus (CSFV). E2 is the major viral envelope protein of immune dominance that induces neutralizing antibodies and confers protection against CSFV infection. The B/C domains of E2 are variable among CSFV isolates, which could affect immunogenicity and binding to antibodies. We attempted to characterize the epitope recognized by a monoclonal antibody 2B6 (mAb-2B6) raised against the E2 B/C domains of the vaccine C-strain and to examine if mutations in the epitope region would affect antibody binding and viral neutralization. The epitope specific for mAb-2B6 recognition is linear, spanning five residues ⁷⁷⁴DGXNP⁷⁷⁸ in the B/C domains. The residue N777 is indispensable for the specificity. The epitope exists only in group 1 strains, but not in those of group 2. The recombinant viruses containing individual mutations on the epitope region lost the reactivity to mAb-2B6. The mutant virus RecC-N777S had low replication potential, about 10-fold decrease in the yield of progeny virus particles, whereas the mutant virus RecC-P778A reverted to proline upon continuous passaging. The mutations on the mAb-2B6 epitope region did not affect neutralization by anti-C-strain polyclonal sera from pigs. Deletion from aa774 covering the mAb-2B6 epitope, but not that from aa781, also affected binding with the polyclonal antibodies from vaccinated pigs, although the major binding region for the vaccinated antibodies is aa690-773.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1760-1768
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• 2020

Vibrio cholerae, cause of the life-threatening diarrheal disease cholera, can be divided into different serogroups based on the structure of its lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which consists of lipid-A, core-polysaccharide and O-antigen polysaccharide (O-PS). The O1 serogroup, the predominant cause of cholera, includes two major serotypes, Inaba and Ogawa. These serotypes are differentiated by the presence of a single 2-O-methyl group in the upstream terminal perosamine of the Ogawa O-PS, which is absent in the Inaba O-PS. To ensure the consistent quality and efficacy of the current cholera vaccines, accurate measurement and characterization of each of these two serotypes is highly important. In this study, we efficiently screened a phage-displayed human synthetic Fab library by bio-panning against Ogawa LPS and finally selected three unique mAbs (D9, E11, and F7) that specifically react with Ogawa LPS. The mAbs bound to Vibrio cholerae vaccine in a dose-dependent fashion. Sequence and structure analyses of antibody paratopes suggest that IgG D9 might have the same fine specificity as that of the murine mAbs, which were shown to bind to the upstream terminal perosamine of Ogawa O-PS, whereas IgGs F7 and E11 showed some different characteristics in the paratopes. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the generation of Ogawa-specific mAbs using phage display technology. The mAbs will be useful for identification and quantification of Ogawa LPS in multivalent V. cholerae vaccines.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.205-213
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• 1998

In order to find out the status of routine-immunization in a rural area, this study was performed, through analyzing the data which was obtained from the immunization register of infants who was born at Su-Dong myun in 1996 and 1997, managed by Su-dong Myun health subcenter. The results are as follows. 1. B.C.G immunization rate was the highest such as 52.2% within 1 month and next order such 34.8% at 2 month in 1996. In 1997, the highest such as 73.8%, almost all, within 1 month. 2. D.P.T immunization rate in 1996 showed, almost all, the highest at 3 month(79.4%) for 1st dose and at 5 month(78.4%) for 2nd dose. However, the rate for 3rd dose showed the highest at 7 month(51.4%), and next order at 8 month(35.1%) and at 6 month(13.5%). D.P.T immunization rate in 1997, similarly showed the highest at 3 month(81.8%) for 1st dose, at 5 month(71.2%) for 2nd dose and at 7 month(71.4%) for 3rd dose. 3. Hepatitis B immunization rate showed the highest at birth at once or within one week(87.0%) for 1st dose in 1996 and (94.7%) in 1997. The rate for 2nd dose showed the highest at 2 month(51.7%) in 1996 and (50.0%) in 1997, and next order at 1 month(44.8%) in 1996 and (34.4%) in 1997. The rate for 3rd dose showed the highest at 3 month(54.8%) in 1996 and 5 month(54.8%) in 1997, and next order at 5 month(25.8%) in 1996 and at 3 month(26.0%) in 1997. 4. Measles immunization rate was 76.1% in 1996. The rate(76.1%) by the kind of vaccine was the highest with measles-MMR(34.8%), and with MMR(32.6%) and next order with measles(8.7%). The rate by measles immunization time(month) was the highest such as 35.0% at 9 month and 10 month respectively and the rate by MMR was the highest at 16 month(35.5%), and 15 month(22.5%), 13 month (12.9%) and 14 month(12.9%) in next order.