• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.78-78
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• 1998

The purpose of this research is to develop a CAD-based program for data analysis of digital elevation model(DEM) on the aspect of landscape assessment. When handling DEM data as a visual simulation of topographic landscape, it is basic interest to analyze visible area and visualize visual sensitivity distributions. In reference with landscape assessment, more intuitive and interactive visualizing tools are needed, specially in area of visual approach. For adaptability to landscape assessment, algorithmic approaches to visibility analysis and concepts for visual sensitivity calculation in this study were based on processing techniques of entity data control functions used in AutoCAD drawing database. Also, for the purpose of quantitative analysis, grid-type 3DFACE entities were adopted as mesh unit of DEM structure. Developed programs are composed of main part named VSI written in AutoLISP and two of interface modules written in dialog control language(DCL0 for user-oriented interactive usage. Definitions of camera points(view points) and target points(or observed area) are available alternatively in combined methods of representing scenic landscape, scenery, and sequential landscape. In the case of scene landscape(single camera to fixed target point), only visibility analysis in available. And total visibility, frequency of cumulative visibility, and visual sensitivity analysis are available in other cases. Visual sensitivity was thought as view angle(3 dimensional observed visual area) and the strengths were classified in user defined level referring to statistical characteristics of distribution. Visibility analysis routine of the VSI was proved to be more effective in the accuracy and time comparing with similar modules of existing AutoCAD third utility.

• Journal of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2015

Hypoxia is an important adverse prognostic factor for tumor progression and is a major cause of failure of radiation therapy. In case of short-term hypoxia, the metabolism can recover to normal, but if hypoxia persists, it causes irreversible cell damage and finally leads to death. So a hypoxia marker would be very useful in oncology. In particular, 2-nitroimidazole can be reduced to form a reactive chemical species, which can bind irreversibly to cell components in the absence of sufficient oxygen, thus, the development of radiolabeled nitroimidazole derivatives for the imaging of hypoxia remains an active field of research to improve cancer therapy result. 2-nitroimidazole based hypoxia marker, [$^{18}F$]FMISO holds promise for the evaluation of tumor hypoxia by Positron emission tomography (PET), at both global and local levels. In the present study, [$^{18}F$]FMISO was synthesized using an automatic synthesis module with high radiochemical purity (>99%) in 60 min. Immunohistochemical analysis using pimonidazole confirmed the presence of hypoxia in xenografted CT-26 tumor tissue. A biodistribution study in CT-26 xenografted mice showed that the increased tumor-to-muscle ratio and tumor-to-blood ratios from 10 to 120 min post-injection. In the PET study, [$^{18}F$]FMISO also showed increased tumor-to-muscle ratios from 10 to 120 min post-injection. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the feasibility and utility of [$^{18}F$]FMISO for imaging hypoxiain mouse colon cancer model using small animal PET.

• Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.2394-2402
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• 2018

Textile dyes are some of the pollutants which have received the most attention because of the large volume of wastewater generated by the textile industry. Removal by means of adsorption is one of the most versatile alternatives to treat these effluents. Even though different adsorbents such as activated carbons and mineral materials have been proposed, polymeric adsorbents are a viable alternative. This work reports for the first time the use of polyelectrolyte PTZ and macroelectrolyte MTZ containing tetrazole groups as adsorbents useful in the textile dyes removal present in aqueous solutions and wastewater. Because of the anionic character of the tetrazole group, MTZ exhibits selective adsorption capabilities for cationic dyes of up to $156.25mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$. The kinetic study of the process of adsorption shows that PTZ and MTZ fit a pseudo second-order model. MTZ also shows utility as a flocculant agent in the treatment of wastewater containing dyes Indigo Blue and Reactive Black. The results showed that PTZ and MTZ may be used in the treatment of wastewater in a process of coagulation-flocculation followed by the treatment by adsorption. This two-stage treatment removed up to 95% of the dye present in the wastewater. As well as removing the dyes, the values for COD, suspended solids, pH, and color of the wastewater decreased, thus significantly improving its quality.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1998

Transportation provides an infrastructure vital to economic growth, and it is also an integral part of production. As a port is regarded as the interface between the maritime transport and domestic transport sectors, it certainly play a key role in any economic development. Ship's delay caused by port congestion has recently has recently attracted attended with the analysis of overall operation in port. In order to analyse complicated port operation which contains large number of variable factors, queueing theory is needed to be adopted, which is applicable to a large scale transportation system in chiding ship's delay in Inchon port in relation to ship's delay problem. The overall findings are as follows ; 1. The stucture of queueing model in this port can be represented as a complex of multi-channel single-phase 2. Ship's arrival and service pattern were Poisson Input Erlangian Service. 3. The suitable formula to calculate the mean delay in this port, namely, $W_q={\frac{{\rho}}{{\lambda}(1-{\rho})}}{\frac{e{\small{N}}({\rho}{\cdot}N)}{D_{N-1}({\rho}{\cdot}N)}}$ Where, ${\lambda}$ : mean arrival rate ${\mu}$ : mean servicing rate N : number of servicing channel ${\rho}$ : utilization rate (l/Nm) $e{\small{N}}$ : the Poisson function $D_{(n-1)}$ : a function of the cumulative Poisson function 4. The utility rate is 95.0 percents in general piers, 75.39 percents in container piers, and watiting time 28.43 hours in general piers, 13.67 hours in container piers, and the length of queue is 6.17 ships in general piers, 0.93 ships in container piers, and the ship turnaround time is 107.03 hours in general piers, 51.93 hours in container piers.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 2019

Objective : This study is a retrospective cost-benefit analysis of cervical anterior interbody fusion and cervical artificial disc replacement, which are the main surgical methods to treat degenerative cervical disc disease. Methods : We analyzed 156 patients who underwent anterior cervical disc fusion and cervical artificial disc replacement from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2009, diagnosed with degenerative cervical disc disorder. In this study, the costs and benefits were analyzed by using quality adjusted life year (QALY) as the outcome index for patients undergoing surgery, and a Markov model was used for the analysis. Only direct medical costs were included in the analysis; indirect medical costs were excluded. Data were analyzed with TreeAge Pro $2015^{TM}$ (TreeAge Software, Inc, Williamstown, MA, USA). Results : Patients who underwent cervical anterior fusion had a total cost of KRW 2501807/USD 2357 over 5 years and obtained a utility of 3.72 QALY. Patients who underwent cervical artificial disc replacement received 4.18 QALY for a total of KRW 3685949/USD 3473 over 5 years. The cumulative cost-effectiveness ratio of cervical spine replacement surgery was KRW 2549511/QALY (USD 2402/QALY), which was lower than the general Korean payment standard. Conclusion : Both cervical anterior fusion and cervical artificial disc replacement are cost-effective treatments for patients with degenerative cervical disc disease. Cervical artificial disc replacement may be an effective alternative to obtain more benefits.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.4
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• pp.31-62
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• 2001

In this paper, I examined specific characteristics of the Tables of Transactions for Records Scheduling(TRS) (記錄物分類基準表 ; Kirokmul-Bulyukijun - Pyo) system by Public Records and Archives Act(PRA Act, No. 5709, 1999). All staffs and employees in governmental agencies of Korea must register, classify and dispose of their official records according to TRS by the Presidential Regulation for the application of PRA Act(No. 17050, 2000). Namely, the criteria of TRS is applicable to all stages of records lifecycle from creation to disposition(transfer to Archives or legal destruction). In the theoretical and methodological area, therefore, it is absolutely important that records managers and archival professionals in Korea make analysis on functions and characteristics of TRS by PRA Act. In the first, my examination take notice of possibility of 'adequate and proper documentation' about activity of the executive organization in TRS system. Other attention is that records management according to TRS means managing of records not only as physical entities but as logical entities which imply content and context of creation and use. In other hand, I wish to account for reasonable separation consideration for continuing utility of archives from current use of records throughout agencies duration Another theme of discussion in this paper is the theoretical framework which give account of TRS's characters. In conclusion, accountability for characteristics of TRS system could have been found in counterproposal view including the concept of Records continuum and the notion of Recordkeeping regime in Australia based on rethinking about Records lifecycle model. In the extent of practical area, more or less, it is imbalanced method that compare TRS by PRA Act to Recordkeeping regime based on Records continuum. Nevertheless, the concept and notion is suitable framework that give account of the prospect of recordkeeping system under PRA Act.as well as the meaningful characteristic of TRS.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.801-812
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Diet planning in childcare centers is difficult because of the required knowledge of nutrition and development as well as the high design complexity associated with large numbers of food items. Artificial intelligence (AI) is expected to provide diet-planning solutions via automatic and effective application of professional knowledge, addressing the complexity of optimal diet design. This study presents the results of the evaluation of the utility of AI-generated diets for children and provides related implications. MATERIALS/METHODS: We developed 2 AI solutions for children aged 3-5 yrs using a generative adversarial network (GAN) model and a reinforcement learning (RL) framework. After training these solutions to produce daily diet plans, experts evaluated the human- and AI-generated diets in 2 steps. RESULTS: In the evaluation of adequacy of nutrition, where experts were provided only with nutrient information and no food names, the proportion of strong positive responses to RL-generated diets was higher than that of the human- and GAN-generated diets (P < 0.001). In contrast, in terms of diet composition, the experts' responses to human-designed diets were more positive when experts were provided with food name information (i.e., composition information). CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the development and evaluation of AI to support dietary planning for children. This study demonstrates the possibility of developing AI-assisted diet planning methods for children and highlights the importance of composition compliance in diet planning. Further integrative cooperation in the fields of nutrition, engineering, and medicine is needed to improve the suitability of our proposed AI solutions and benefit children's well-being by providing high-quality diet planning in terms of both compositional and nutritional criteria.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.257-270
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• 2022

This paper analyzes the effect of profit incentives within the setting of bounty open source project. A simple decision-making model based on classical utility maximization is presented for open source developers that includes income effects from the bounty prize. We then simulate the decisions of multiple developers to assess the effect from the bounty prize. Our result shows that learning costs can greatly reduce the software quality improvement benefit from bounty project. It also suggests that open source projects can benefit more when they have multiple small bounty projects than a single large bounty project since it reduces the learning cost and the opportunity cost for the open source developers.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.49-73
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• 2023

This study examines the usage status of legal services provided by lawyers targeting domestic consumers and investigates empirically how much online platforms that facilitate lawyer search and consultation can increase consumers' utility, and how much the lawyer legal service market will expand through this. To this end, this study applies a discrete choice demand model to the data collected through a conjoint survey to estimate the value of the lawyer search and consultation platform perceived by consumers, and estimates the effectiveness of the platform in expanding the market for lawyer legal services through a simulation method. As a result of the analysis, the relative value that consumers place on finding and consulting a lawyer using the online platform instead of being introduced to a lawyer by an acquaintance or searching for a lawyer offline is estimated to be about 70,414 won. It was found that the existence of lawyer search and consultation platforms could increase the market size of legal services by as little as 18.9% to as much as 70.2%. In particular, the platforms are expected to increase the accessibility of legal services to vulnerable groups.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.168-177
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• 2023

Background & Objectives: Fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) offer advantages in adherence and cost-effectiveness compared to free combinations (FCs), but they can also complicate the prescribing process, potentially leading to therapeutic duplication (TD). This study aimed to identify the prescribing patterns of FDCs for dyslipidemia and investigate their associated risk of TD. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study involving drugs that included statins, using Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service-National Patient Sample (HIRA-NPS) data from 2018. The unit of analysis was a prescription claim. The primary outcome was TD. The risk ratio of TD was calculated and adjusted for patient, prescriber, and the number of cardiovascular drugs prescribed using a multivariable Poisson model. Results: Our study included 252,797 FDC prescriptions and 515,666 FC prescriptions. Of the FDC group, 46.52% were male patients and 56.21% were aged 41 to 65. Ezetimibe was included in 71.61% of the FDC group, but only 0.25% of the FC group. TD occurred in 0.18% of the FDC group, and the adjusted risk ratio of TD in FDC prescriptions compared to FC was 6. 44 (95% CI 5. 30-7. 82). Conclusions: Prescribing FDCs for dyslipidemia was associated with a higher risk of TD compared to free combinations. Despite the relatively low absolute prevalence of TD, the findings underline the necessity for strategies to mitigate this risk when prescribing FDCs for dyslipidemia. Our study suggests the potential utility of Clinical Decision Support Systems and standardizing nomenclature in reducing medication errors, providing valuable insights for clinical practice and future research.