• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.29-40
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• 2019

Objectives: To analyze the prescription frequency of various herbs as either individual or major herbs (in terms of dosage) and their usage patterns in the treatment of different diseases for standardization of traditional Korean medicine. Methods: We analyzed the prescription database of patients at the Pusan National University Korean Medicine Hospital from the date of establishment of the hospital to February 2013. The complete prescription data were extracted from the electronic medical records of patients, and the prescription frequencies of individual herbs, particularly, of major herbs, were analyzed in terms of gender, age, and international classification of diseases (ICD) code. Results: The prescription frequency of individual herbs based on age and gender showed a similar pattern. Herbal mixtures were also distributed in a similar manner. The use of some herbs differed according to age and gender (Table 1.). The herbs that were used at high frequencies for a given ICD code had similar usage patterns in different categories. However, some major herbs in the "Jun (King)" category were used uniquely for a given ICD code (Table 2.). There was significant difference between male and female on ICD code E and N, but the other ICD codes had small differences. The ratio of herbal medicine by gender showed different usage patterns in each gender. Conclusions: The findings of our study provide fundamental data that reflect the real clinical conditions in South Korea, and therefore, can contribute to the standardization of TKM.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2010

Novel influenza A (H1N1) is a newly emerged flu virus that was first detected in April 2009. Unlike the avian influenza (H5N1), this virus has been known to be able to spread from human to human directly. Although it is uncertain how severe this novel H1N1 virus will be in terms of human illness, the illness may be more widespread because most people will not have immunity to it. In this study, we compared the codon usage bias between the novel H1N1 influenza A viruses and other viruses such as H1N1 and H5N1 subtypes to investigate the genomic patterns of novel influenza A (H1N1). Totally, 1,675 nucleotide sequences of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of influenza A virus, including H1N1 and H5N1 subtypes occurring from 2004 to 2009, were used. As a result, we found that the novel H1N1 influenza A viruses showed the most close correlations with the swine-origin H1N1 subtypes than other H1N1 viruses, in the result from not only the analysis of nucleotide compositions, but also the phylogenetic analysis. Although the genetic sequences of novel H1N1 subtypes were not exactly the same as the other H1N1 subtypes, the HA and NA genes of novel H1N1s showed very similar codon usage patterns with other H1N1 subtypes, especially with the swine-origin H1N1 influenza A viruses. Our findings strongly suggested that those novel H1N1 viruses seemed to be originated from the swine-host H1N1 viruses in terms of the codon usage patterns.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.254-268
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• 2020

This study examined the awareness, satisfaction, and usage patterns of 257 elementary school teachers for food labeling in Busan. The survey was conducted from April 15 to June 20, 2020, by questionnaires. The perception degree of food labeling was higher in female teachers than in male teachers and did not differ significantly among age groups. The score of the understanding degree was highest in their 20s and lowest in their 30s. The degree demand in their 50s was higher than in their 30s and 40s. The reliability degree in their 20s was higher than that of those in their 40s and 50s. The verification degree and satisfaction degree did not differ significantly with age or gender. The primary reason to check food labeling was 'to confirm harmful additives (31.9%)'. Among those in their 20s and 30s, the major reason for reviewing nutrition labeling was 'nutrient', while it was 'health improvement' was most important in those in their 40s and 50s. Of the subjects, 31.1% reported that the reason for the difficulty in understanding the label was 'various forms and the small letters'. The demand for the content was highest in trans fats. Apporximately 32.3% of the teachers were educated for food labeling; 42.4% of them taught food labeling, and 62.7% of them recognized the necessity of food labeling teaching. A correlation was observed between the demand for food labeling and understanding (r=0.586). Therefore, preparing education programs for teachers according to gender and age group and developing food additives-related programs will be necessary for strengthening the teachers' ability to manage their dietary life and educate students.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.59-77
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the smart-phone and the existing service convergence to find out the future direction in convergence pattern in e-business. To analyze the data and to derive the result, the association rules are applied. As a result, the findings are as followings. Firstly, it is observed that the usage patterns of smart-phone and the existing service convergence are very similar. This means that the convergence of smart-phone can be predicted through the usage pattern of the existing users. Secondly, through the analysis on the convergence patterns of smart-phone usages and the existing services, the smart-phone's link to home networking and office equipments can significantly conform to the user's requirements. It is meaningful that this research has newly approached to the future direction of e-business and the future convergence paradigm by analyzing the relationship between the usage patterns of smart-phone users and the existing service convergence.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.285-299
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• 2017

This study was conducted to compare the perception and fast food usage patterns of adults classified by age in Busan. The survey was conducted from April 15 to June 15, 2017 by questionnaires and the data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0 Overall, 74.1%, 58.1%, 40.7%, 20.3%, 29.7% and 17.9% of individuals in their 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, 60s and 70s, respectively, consumed fast foods more than once a week. Additionally, 66.0%, 52.5%, 25.7%, 16.0%, 22.9% and 11.7% of individuals in their 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, 60s, and 70s, respectively, preferred fast foods. There was a significant difference in the basis for choosing menu among the groups, with 'preference' and 'price' being most important to those in their 20s and 30s, on the other hand 'preference' and 'companion' being most important to members of other age groups. As their age increased, individuals spent less money on fast food. Overall, 81.5%, 59.9%, 50.0%, 40.1%, 46.3%, and 28.4% of individuals in their 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, 60s and 70s thought that fast food was a suitable substitute for a meal. Age affected the substitutability of fast food for a meal (P<0.001). Additionally, the ratio of individuals in their 20s and 30s that skipped breakfast was higher than in other age groups. In addition, age showed a significant positive correlation with obesity and dietary attitude, whereas it showed a negative correlation with nutrition knowledge, use frequency, perception degree and preference. Nutrition knowledge and dietary attitude showed no relationship with preference. These results imply that a nutrition education program should be developed and conducted to induce subjects to manage their dietary habit and develop healthier dietary patterns.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.312-329
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• 2018

This study was conducted to compare the awareness, satisfaction, and usage patterns of female-consumers for food-nutrition labeling in Busan. The survey was conducted from April 15 to June 10, 2018 by questionnaire. Degree of perception of food-nutrition labeling was higher among individuals in their 30s, 40s and 50s than those in their 20s, 60s and 70s. The score of verification degree was highest among respondents in their 40s and lowest among those in their 20s and 70s. Degree of demand of individuals in their 70s was lower than that of those in their 60s. Degree of reliability of individuals in their 30s, 40s and 50s was higher than that of those in their 20s, 60s, 70s. Satisfaction degree did not differ significantly among groups. Overall the most common reason to review food labeling was 'to confirm expiry date' (30.8%). Among those in their 20s, the main reason for reviewing nutrition labeling was 'weight control', while it was 'nutrients' among those in their 30s, 40s, 50s, and 60s, and 'health improvement' among those in their 70s. Additionally, 51.3% of the subjects reported that the major reason for difficulty understanding the labeling was 'small letter, various form'. The demand for nutrient contents was highest in sodium. Age was negatively correlated with perception of food-nutrition labeling, demand, need for education and publicity, and nutrition knowledge (P<0.01), whereas it was positively correlated with dietary attitude (P<0.01). There was a strong correlation between demand for food-nutrition labeling and the need for education and publicity regarding food-nutrition labeling (r=0.546). Therefore, education materials and improvement plans based on age should be developed and implemented to inspire individuals to choose more nutritious food and develop a healthy dietary life.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.27-34
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• 2017

As information technology has been developed in a rapid way, a lot of users get to be familiar with social media. Accordingly, the possibility of social media for educational use has increased. From the view point of learning, social media help learners make communities of practice that can lead to collective intelligence. In this study, two different types of social media, synchronous and asynchronous, were compared in terms of usage patterns in the e-learning settings of college level. Content analysis has figured out four factors: learning content, tasks and assignments, emotional communications, and chatting. There found to be a statistical differences in the postings in all of the factors except tasks and assignments. In the qualitative interviews, the participants told various usage patterns of synchronous and asynchronous social media. In sum, the learners generally preferred synchronous social media. Rather, asynchronous social media were mainly used for deep thinking and summarizing. Last, suggestions were made to improve educational environments for the learners in the digital and social media age.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.259-263
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• 2020

Background: Dual-type calcium channel blockers (CCBs), such as efonidipine and cilnidipine, are renoprotective drugs that reportedly reduce proteinuria by dilating afferent and efferent arterioles of the glomerulus. However, studies comparing the effect of dual-type CCB on proteinuria have not been conducted. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effect of dual-type CCB (efonidipine and cilnidipine) usage patterns in hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: This single-center, retrospective study included 53 patients with CKD who 1) initiated efonidipine or cilnidipine treatment while on a renin-angiotensin system inhibitor and 2) had received efonidipine or cilnidipine for at least one year. We compared usage patterns between the efonidipine and cilnidipine groups during the one-year period and analyzed the following outcomes: urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio, blood pressure, and serum creatinine. Results: The study included 25 patients in the efonidipine group and 28 patients in the cilnidipine group. In both groups, blood pressure and urinary protein-to-creatinine ratios tended to decrease; however, the change during each interval was not significant. Conclusions: In patients with CKD who were on renin-angiotensin system inhibitor therapy, the addition of a dual-type CCB (i.e., efonidipine or cilnidipine) tended to reduce proteinuria; however, the change during each interval was not significant.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.417-423
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• 2016

Recently smartphone has propagated all age groups rapidly due to the fact that the advance of media and the increase of smartphone penetration. In South Korea, high-school students' smartphone retention rate is 90.2%. This study proceed an analysis of high school students' smartphone usage by a feasibility study, and also by recording the log data of actual usage patterns of smartphone applications. The feasibility study investigates subject's smartphone usage, and the log data analysis measures the accurate usage recorded for about three months. We compared the feasibility study and the log data for the daily smartphone usage, and investigated the change of usage pattern during the weekdays, weekends, and the before, during and after exams. High-school students are unique group in capital area. As a result, we found that high-school students' smartphone usage pattern in capital area has not affected by weekday or weekend but has affected by the before, during and after exams.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.4 s.206
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• pp.17-30
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• 2005

The Purpose of this study was firstly to identify the living characteristics of apartment residents in relation to the behavioral patterns in the kitchen and utility space and secondly to present the basic material necessary for planning the kitchen and utility space of future desirable apartments with consideration for resident usage. The findings are summarized as follows : 1) Behavioral patterns in the kitchen and utility space were classified as personal life, family with harmony, talking with visitors, caring for children, cleaning, cooking, and keeping and connecting. 2) Behavioral patterns in He kitchen and utility space showed patterns on personal life, family with harmony, and talking with visitors and were used in the kitchen including the dining room. 3) As the required kitchen size and sink arrangement varied according to the kinds of furniture appliance, plan for the kitchen wok is very necessary.