• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.469-478
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• 2004

Pig slurry, urine and fermented liquid manure were evaluated measuring electrical conductivity (EC), dry matter (DM) contents and other components. Samples were collected during a period from February to April, 2001: slurry samples from 70 storage tanks, urine samples from 19 and 20 fermented liquid manure samples from 109 pig farms in Jeju. Samples were analyzed for pH, EC, DM, $NH_4$-N, K, P, Ca, Mg, Na, BOD, S-S, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and OM. Relationships between EC or DM and various mineral and $NH_4$-N contents were examined using linear regression. EC, DM, all mineral contents and $NH_4$-N were higher in slurry samples than in urine or fermented liquid manure. EC, $NH_4$-N, Ca, Mg and Na concentration was similar in urine and fermented liquid manure, but K and DM values in liquid manure were twice as much as in urine. P concentration was higher in urine than in liquid manure. $NH_4$-N and Na in slurry, $NH_4$-N in urine and $NH_4$-N, P and Ca in fermented liquid manure were highly correlated with EC, while $NH_4$-N, P, Ca and Mg in slurry, $NH_4$-N and Ca in urine, and K, P, Ca, Mg, and Na in fermented liquid manure with DM (P<0.05). BOO in slurry (22,520 mg/mL) was higher than that in urine (4,763) and fermented liquid manure (2,701). Results indicated that slurry is a better fertilizer source than urine or fermented liquid manure. However, slurry may pollute soil more than urine or fermented liquid manure when applied to land, although the levels are not above the permit.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.677-685
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• 2018

Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine ammonium chloride tolerance of lactating dairy cows, by examining effects of negative dietary cation anion difference (DCAD) induced by ruminal ammonium chloride infusion on performance, serum and urine minerals, serum metabolites and enzymes of lactating dairy cows. Methods: Four primiparous lactating Chinese Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas were infused with increasing amounts (0, 150, 300, or 450 g/d) of ammonium chloride in a crossover design. The DCAD of the base diet was 279 mEq/kg dry matter (DM) using the DCAD formula (Na + K - Cl - S)/kg of DM. Ammonium chloride infusion added the equivalent of 0, 128, 330, and 536 mEq/kg DM of Cl in treatments. According to the different dry matter intakes (DMI), the resulting actual DCAD of the four treatments was 279, 151, -51, and -257 mEq/kg DM, respectively. Results: DMI decreased linearly as DCAD decreased. Yields of milk, 4% fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, milk fat, and milk protein decreased linearly as DCAD decreased. Concentrations of milk protein and milk urea nitrogen increased linearly with decreasing DCAD. Concentration of Cl- in serum increased linearly and concentration of PO43- in serum increased quadratically as DCAD decreased. Urine pH decreased linearly and calculated urine volume increased linearly with decreasing DCAD. Linear increases in daily urinary excretion of $Cl^-$, $Ca^{2+}$, $PO_4{^{3-}}$, urea N, and ammonium were observed as DCAD decreased. Activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and ${\gamma}-glutamyl$ transferase in serum and urea N concentration in serum increased linearly as DCAD decreased. Conclusion: In conclusion, negative DCAD induced by ruminal ammonium chloride infusion resulted in a metabolic acidosis, had a negative influence on performance, and increased serum enzymes indicating potential liver and kidney damage in lactating dairy cows. Daily ammonium chloride intake by lactating dairy cows should not exceed 300 g, and 150 g/d per cow may be better.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.20 no.1 s.21
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• pp.49-55
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• 1987

The results of this study which had been investigated for the purpose of analyzing heavy metal concentrations in women's blood and urine, their correlation degree and significane of cadmium as indicator of accumulated heavy metals are as follows. 1) In blood, concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn are respectively $0.0110{\pm}0.14ug/ml,\;0.308{\pm}138ug/ml,\;0.899{\pm}0.153ug/ml$ and $5.432{\pm}1.020ug/ml$. 2) In urine, concentratitons of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn are respectively $0.003{\pm}0.12ug/ml,\;0.025{\pm}0.18ug/ml,\;0.013{\pm}0.12ug/ml$ and $0.277{\pm}0.192ug/ml$. 3) Correlation coefficients between blood and urine are only significant in Zn (r=0.363, p<0.01). 4) In blood, correlation coefficients of Cd concentration and Pb, Zn are respectively 0.518 (p<0.01). 5) Correlation coefficients between Cd concentration in blood and Pb, Cu and Zn in urine are respectively r=-0.012, r=0.027, r=0.241 (p<0.05), and only Cd concentration and Zn is significant.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.4 s.28
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• pp.474-479
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• 1989

This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of improvement in work environment and of segregation in a fluorescent lamp manufacturing factory. Among the total of 80 workers, 8 workers whose mercury concentration in urine reached a hazardous level ($200-299{\mu}g/l$) were moved to mercury free workplace. The follow-up examination for their mercury concentration in urine was done three times ; on May 3, 1988, September 1, 1988 and April 3, 1989. The results were as follows : 1. Mercury concentration in the air was reduced from 0.140 to 0.107 $mg/m^3$ in 4 months, and to $0.087mg/m^3$ in one year after environmental improvement in workplace. However the level still exceeded the Threshold Limit Value. 2. The geometric mean of urinary mercury concentration among 80 workers was $173.0{\mu}g/l\;(5.1{\sim}458.6{\mu}g/l$). The distribution of workers according to urinary mercury concentration showed that 9 workers (11.2%) were above the mercury poisoning level ($300{\mu}g/l$), 24 workers (30.0%) were $200-299{\mu}g/l$, 35 workers (43.8%) were $50-199{\mu}g/l$, and 12 workers (15.0%) were below 50 ${\mu}g/l$. 3. Among the 24 workers whose urinary mercury concentration was 200-299 $50-199{\mu}g/l$, 8 were able to be followed up. Their mean urinary mercury concentration before segregation was $244.9{\mu}g/l$, but decreased to $151.4{\mu}g/l$ in four months, $128.8{\mu}g/l$ in six months, and $46.8{\mu}g/l$ in one year after segregation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 1990

These experiments were carried out to develop a novel, simple, and rapid method to determine urinary sulfonamides using fluorescamine by spectrofluorometry. To get optimal conditions for the sulfonamide-fluorescamine reaction, sulfonamides such as sulfamethazine, sulfamerazine, sulfadimethoxine and sulfamonomethoxine, dissolved in buffers with various pH ranges were reacted with various concentrations of fluorescamine. and then, the fluorescence intensity and stability of the fluorophore were measured. To eliminate the interfering substances in urine, the fluorophore in buffers and urine with a definite pH range was extracted with some organic solvents. After then the fluorescence intensity was measured in organic and aquous phases. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The maximal fluorescence of sulfonamides was presented in acidic state, pH 4.5~5.0, at 30 minutes after reaction. 2. The optimal concentration ratio of sulfamethazine and ffuorescamine was more than 1 : 40 in mole. 3. In pH 4.0, the intensity was maximal but was time-dependent, whereas in pH 8.0, the intensity was time-independent. 4. Sulfamethazine-fluorescamine conjugate could be dissolved in some of organic solvents in acidic state such as chloroform, n-butanol, and ethylacetate. 5. Sulfamethazine-flnorescamine conjugate in swine urine coule be extracted with ethylacetate in acidic state, pH 4.0~5.0.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.255-258
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• 1993

A method for analysis of trace uranium in urine sample was studied using a time-resolved $N_2$-laser-induced fluorimetry. The Fluran solution was found to be efficient to mask the chloride ions which are known to quench uranium fluorescence in the fluorimetric assay of uranium in urine. This improved method made the sample preparation much simpler than other conventional ones. The fluorescence intensities at 1% urine mixture with 10% Fluran aqueous solution showed good linearities in the concentration range of 10-500 ppb(before dilution).

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.57-59
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• 2012

In this study, we investigate the status of calcium (Ca) homeostasis at parturition in three dairy farms (I, II, and III), Heilongjiang, China. Twenty multiparous Holstein cows from each farm were randomly assigned to this experiment. The dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) was 91 mEq/kg of DM for farm I, 152 mEq/kg of DM for farm II, and 85 mEq/kg of DM for farm III. Incidence of hypocalcemia was above 75% and urine pH was above 7.25 at calving in each farm. Compared to other farms, cows in farm II that fed the greatest positive DCAD had the lowest concentration of serum Ca, the highest concentration of serum PTH, and the greatest urine pH at calving (p < 0.05). However, there was not significant difference in serum 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D and hydroxyproline concentration of the cows among three farms. This is the first study to confirm that hypocalcemia is very prevalent at calving in Chinese dairy farms, and the high positive DCAD is a major risk factor that results in hypocalcemia at calving, which may reduce ability of the cow to maintain Ca homeostasis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2001

Chromium exposure can be in the forms of environmental pollution and occupational exposure. The harmful effects of chromium on the body greatly differ depending on its valence or solubility. Accordingly, the recommended permissible exposure limit for each chromium compound is different. This study investigated the increase or decrease of distribution and excretion of total chromium exposed simultaneously the soluble Cr+6 and Cr+3 compounds. There were no difference of total chromium concentration in plasma, red bloods cells, urine, organs between simultaneously injected and individually injected soluble Cr+6 and Cr+3 compound. The chromium clearances in urine also showed that there were two phases in the two groups. In the first phase, biological half lives of the total chromium of the two groups have been similar within 24 hr., but in the second phase, biological half life of the group injected simultaneously was 62.7 hr. and was less than that of the other group's 188.3 hr. The average concentration of total chromium in plasma was same with the control, and that of RBCs was $0.218nmol/m{\ell}$ and was slightly increased in comparison with $0.121nmol/m{\ell}$ of the control, which was not statistically significant. As a result, there were no differences of distribution and excretion of chromium between the group exposed simultaneously and the other group exposed separately the soluble Cr+6 and Cr+3 compounds. The biological half life of chromium of the former group in urine was less than that of the other group.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.105-121
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• 1984

The bioavailability of rifampicin (brand A, B and C) was studied and the dissolution by foamed plastic rotating method and basket rotating method was also investigated. The results were as follows; 1. In the case of foamed plastic rotating method, it was revealed that dissolution rate of brand C was most rapid, but in the case of basket rotating method the results revealed that brand B was most rapid. Also it was observed that the dissolution rate in artificial gastric juice was more rapid than one in artificial intestinal juice, and that Avicel added in capsule increased additively the dissolution rate, particulary brand B. 2. Relative systemic availability by urine data showed that the results from all capsules filled with brand A, B and C were identical but in the case of the ripamficin capsules filled with Avicel, the results showed that Avicel increased the availability of brand A and B. 3. Area under serum concentration curve $(0{\sim}8hrs)$ was in order of $brand\;A{\fallingdotseq}brand\;C$ > brand B, but Avicel increased significantly the AUC of brand B and showed no effect in others. 4. Relative systemic availability calculated with excreted amount of rifampicin in urine was similar in each rifampicin capsules. In rifampicin (A) and rifampicin (B), Avicel which added in capsules appeared increasing tendency in urine excretion of rifampicin, but in rifampicin (C) it did not appeared. 5. Area under serum concentration curve $(0{\sim}8hrs)$ in rifampicin capsules was in order of $rifampicin(A){\fallingdotseq}rifampicin(C)$>rifampicin(B). In rifampicin (B) with Avicel capsules, area under serum concentration curve (0-8hrs.) increased significantly and in others insignificantly.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.329-339
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• 2019

The National Institute of Environmental Research (3rd KONEHs) conducted a survey of 280 residents in Ulsan, Suwon and Asan, and the concentration of heavy metals in the blood and urine were also analyzed. In case of blood lead concentration, Ulsan $2.27{\mu}g/dl$, Suwon $2.08{\mu}g/dl$, and Asan $1.75{\mu}g/dl$, the high peak in Ulsan, and the low peak in Asan. In case of cotinine concentration, Ulsan smoking($609.16{\mu}g/g{\_}ct$) is higher than nonsmoking($74.07{\mu}g/g{\_}ct$), as Suwon and Asan smoking($416.72{\mu}g/g{\_}ct$, $903.21{\mu}g/g{\_}ct$) is higher than nonsmoking($72.72{\mu}g/g{\_}ct$, $18.06{\mu}g/g{\_}ct$), smoking group is higher than nonsmoking group in all areas revealed statistically significant correlation(p<0.01). In considering results synthetically, these study results are an aid to constructing environmental health science-side heavy metal management measure education programs for normal residents.