• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• v.35
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• pp.6.1-6.15
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• 2023

Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are occupational and environmental pollutants generated by the incomplete combustion of organic matter. Exposure to PAHs can occur in various occupations. In this study, we compared PAH exposure levels among occupations based on 4 urinary PAH metabolites in a Korean adult population. Methods: The evaluation of occupational exposure to PAHs was conducted using Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey data. The occupational groups were classified based on skill types. Four urinary PAH metabolites were used to evaluate PAH exposure: 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), 2-naphthol (2-NAP), 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (1-OHPHE), and 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OHFLU). The fraction exceeding the third quartile of urinary concentration for each PAH metabolite was assessed for each occupational group. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for exceeding the third quartile of urinary PAH metabolite concentration were calculated for each occupational group compared to the "business, administrative, clerical, financial, and insurance" group using multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: The "guard and security" (OR: 2.949; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.300-6.691), "driving and transportation" (OR: 2.487; 95% CI: 1.418-4.364), "construction and mining" (OR: 2.683; 95% CI: 1.547-4.655), and "agriculture, forestry, and fisheries" (OR: 1.973; 95% CI: 1.220-3.191) groups had significantly higher ORs for 1-OHP compared to the reference group. No group showed significantly higher ORs than the reference group for 2-NAP. The groups with significantly higher ORs for 1-OHPHE than the reference group were "cooking and food service" (OR: 2.073; 95% CI: 1.208-3.556), "driving and transportation" (OR: 1.724; 95% CI: 1.059-2.808), and "printing, wood, and craft manufacturing" (OR: 2.255; 95% CI: 1.022-4.974). The OR for 2-OHFLU was significantly higher in the "printing, wood, and craft manufacturing" group (OR: 3.109; 95% CI: 1.335-7.241) than in the reference group. Conclusions: The types and levels of PAH exposure differed among occupational groups in a Korean adult population.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.301-308
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• 2010

Objectives: In most DEHP exposure assessment studies, single spot urine sample was used. It could not compare the exposure level among studies. Therefore, we are going to represent the necessity of selection of proper sampling time of spot urine for assessing the environmental DEHP exposure, and the association urinary DEHP metabolites with steroid hormones. Methods: We collected urine and plasma from 25 men. The urine sampling times were at the end of the shift (post-shift) and the next morning before the beginning of the shift (pre-shift). Three metabolites of DEHP {mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [MEHP], mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl)phthalate [MEHHP], and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate [MEOHP]} in urine were analyzed by HPLC/MS/MS. Plasma luteinzing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone, and $17{\beta}$- estradiol were measured at pre-shift using a ELISA kit. A log-transformed creatinine-adjusted urinary MEHP, MEHHP, and MEOHP concentration were compared between the post- and pre-shift. The Pearson’s correlation was calculated to assess the relationships between log-transformed urinary MEHP concentrations in pre-shift urine and hormone levels. Results: The three urinary metabolite concentrations at post-shift were significantly higher than the concentrations in the pre-shift (p<0.0001). The plasma hormones were not significantly correlated with log-transformed creatinine - adjusted DEHP metabolites. Conclusions: To assess the environmental DEHP exposure, it is necessary to select the urine sampling time according to the study object. There were no correlation between the concentration of urinary DEHP metabolites and serum hormone levels.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2005.12a
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• pp.115-117
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• 2005

In this study, the methods were developed to measure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in the air, metabolites of pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene via human urine, genetic polymorphisms in human buccal cell for evaluation of the health effects about environmental pollution. We have also performed a preliminary molecular epidemiology study on residents in the metropolitan area and workers in workplace for these method applications.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.54-68
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• 2011

$^1H$ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of biological samples has been proven to be an effective and nondestructive approach to probe drug toxicity within an organism. In this study, ketoprofen toxicity was investigated using $^1H$-NMR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. Histopathologic test of ketoprofen-induced acute gastrointestinal damage in rats demonstrated a significant dose-dependent effect. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) derived from $^1H$-NMR spectra of urinary samples showed clear separation between the vehicle-treated control and ketoprofen-treated groups. Moreover, PCA derived from endogenous metabolite concentrations through targeted profiling revealed a dose-dependent metabolic shift between the vehicle-treated control, low-dose ketoprofen-treated (10 mg/kg body weight), and high-dose ketoprofen-treated (50 mg/kg) groups coinciding with their gastric damage scores after ketoprofen administration. The resultant metabolic profiles demonstrated that the ketoprofen-induced gastric damage exhibited energy metabolism perturbations that increased urinary levels of citrate, cis-aconitate, succinate, and phosphocreatine. In addition, ketoprofen administration induced an enhancement of xenobiotic activity in fatty oxidation, which caused increase levels of N-isovalerylglycine, adipate, phenylacetylglycine, dimethylamine, betaine, hippurate, 3-indoxylsulfate, N,N-dimethylglycine, trimethyl-N-oxide, and glycine. These findings demonstrate that $^1H$-NMR-based urinary metabolic profiling can be used for noninvasive and rapid way to diagnose adverse drug effects and is suitable for explaining the possible biological pathways perturbed by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.325-330
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• 2002

In this study, the biochemical role of genetic polymorphism in modulating urinary excretion of benzene metabolite as phenol level has been investigated in 90 workers exposed to benzene in the petroleum refinery plant of Korea. The mean concentration of volatile benzene in the refinery environment was 0.042 mg/㎥ (SD, 0.069) and that of urinary phenol was 7.42 mg/g creatinine (SD, 11.3). The frequencies of CYP2E1 genotypes, namely CYP2E1$^*1$/$^*1$, CYP2E1$^*1$/$^*2$ and CYP2E1$^*2$/$^*2$ were 2.2% (2 subjects), 6.7% (G subjects) and 91.1% (85 subjects), respectively, and allele frequencies for CYP2E1$^*1$ and CYP2E1$^*2$ were 0.06 and 0.94. The airborne benzene concentration was significantly related to the concentration of phenol in urine (r = 0.640, p < 0.01). The urinary phenol level was significantly correlated with CYP2E1$^*2$/$^*2$ (r = 0.590, p < 0.05). The various biological (i.e. age and liver function parameters) or lifestyle factors (i.e. medication, smoking, alcohol and coffee intake), also taken into account as potential confounders, did not influence the correlation found. These results suggested that CYP2E1 genotypes might play an important role in the metabolism of benzene.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.345-349
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: In this study, we have attempted to identify a urinary biomarker to assess chlorpyrifos exposure in farmers. The major metabolite and the excretion pathway of chlorpyrifos is 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) in urine. Herein, we describe an adequate synthetic method for TCP hapten for measuring urinary TCP of farmers. METHODS AND RESULTS: First, TCP was prepared by spacer attachment through hydrolysis of thiophosphate ester from chlorpyrifos. After reaction with benzyl bromide, the TCP was transformed into 2,3,5-trichloro-6-benzyloxypyridine. Next, the chlorine in the 2 ^nd position of the pyridyl ring was substituted into 3-mercaptopropanoic acid spacer arm. Finally, the phenyl group attached to the 6 ^th position in pyridyl ring was removed for producing the targeted product, 3-(3,5-Dichloro-6-hydroxy-2-pyridyl) thiopropanoic acid. CONCLUSION: Henceforth, this TCP hapten would be used in developing immunoassay studies for the detection and quantitation of urinary TCP of farmers.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.606-611
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• 2003

Byakangelicin, 9-(2,3-dihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy)-4-methoxy-7H- furo[3,2-g][l]benzopyran-7-one (BKG), a component of Angelicae dahuricae Radix, is considered to be an inhibitor of aldose reductase for the treatment of diabetic cataract. An analytical method for the isolation of BKG developed by high-performance liquid chromatography has been reported. No literature on the metabolism of BKG, however, has been found. With the purpose of identifying new metabolites of BKG, BKG (100 mg/kg) was orally administered to Sprague-Dawley rats via a gavage. Using a metabolic cage, urine was collected for 24 h, and the urine samples were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction. For structural identification of new urinary metabolites of BKG, various instrumental analyses were conducted by gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry, high-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector, liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy with thermospray interface and $^1H$ nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Two metabolites produced from the Ο-demethylation or Ο-dealkylation of BKG were newly identified, and another new but unknown metabolite was assumed to be the hydroxylated form of BKG. These results indicate that the major metabolic products of BKG are formed by Ο-demethylation or Ο-dealkylation of BKG side chains.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.142-149
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• 2011

This study was conducted to define metabolite of the resveratrol by gas chromatography- time-offlight mass spectrometric detection. From these results, we suppose that the structure of metabolite is the result of reduction of double-bond attached by two-phenyl groups. Also, validity of method for determining metabolite of resveratrol and endogenous steroids was tested. The recoveries ranged from 96.47 to 114.74%, and intraand inter-day precision ranged 11.40 - 10.87% and 1.10 - 10.93%, accuracy ranged 80.03 - 119.92% and 80.02 - 119.56%, respectively. Resveratrol and endogenous steroids had correlation coefficients above or equal to 0.996. The method was successfully validated for the determination of resveratrol and endogenous steroids. Urinary samples from volunteers dosed resveratrol were analyzed to confirm a correlation resveratrol and its metabolite. From these results, the highest level of resveratrol and its metabolite was excreted in 10 - 15 hr more slowly than common drug, and conversion rate of metabolite was higher in woman than that in man. In addition, endogenous steroids were shown same the highest level of 10 - 15 hr. For estrone and estradiol, sensitivity was relatively higher in female than in man. And there were no significant changes of excretion patterns in the other endogenous steroids. Thus, we assumed that activation of resveratrol has impact on woman than man.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.220-225
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• 2017

Background: Benzene is a known occupational and environmental pollutant. Its urinary metabolite trans, trans-muconic acid (tt-MA) has been introduced by some environmental and occupational health regulatory associations as a biological index for the assessment of benzene exposure; however, recently, doubts have been raised about the specificity of tt-MA for low-level benzene exposures. In the present study, we investigated the association between urinary levels of tt-MA and inhalational exposure to benzene in different exposure groups. Methods: Benzene exposure was assessed by personal air sampling. Collected benzene on charcoal tube was extracted by carbon disulfide and determined by a gas chromatograph (gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector). Urinary tt-MA was extracted by a strong anion-exchange column and determined with high-performance liquid chromatography-UV. Results: Urinary levels of tt-MA in intensive benzene exposure groups (chemical workers and police officers) were significantly higher than other groups (urban and rural residents), but its levels in the last two groups with significant different exposure levels (mean = 0.081 ppm and 0.019 ppm, respectively) showed no significant difference (mean = $388{\mu}g/g$ creatinine and $282{\mu}g/g$, respectively; p < 0.05). Before work shift, urine samples of workers and police officers showed a high amount of tt-MA and its levels in rural residents' samples were not zero. Conclusion: Our results suggest that tt-MA may not be a reliable biomarker for monitoring low-level (below 0.5 ppm) benzene exposures.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.811-816
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• 1999

Background : Nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy are common side effects which remain difficult to control. Acute phase nausea and vomiting (0-24 hours after induction of chemotherapy) parallels plasma serotonin release, which explains the effectiveness of $5-HT_3$ receptor antagonists. Serotonin released from gastrointestinal enterochromaffin cells may mediate chemotherapy-induced emesis. In this study, we analyzed urinary excretion of 5-HIAA, the main metabolite of serotonin. Methods : Eight men and four women were studied in their cisplatin chemotherapy cycle. Urinary 5-hydroxyindoleaoetic aicd (HIAA) levels were determined before and during a 24-hour period under ondansetron prophylaxis. Results : Urinary 5-HIAA excretion for a 24-hour period was increased in all patients after induction of cisplatin (P=0.002). Conclusion : Cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with serotonin release in the acute phase. Our finding may provide evidence for a relationship between emesis and serotonin following cisplatin chemotherapy.