• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.259-267
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• 2009

Curcumin (CMN) is known to have beneficial role in anorexia, coryza, cough, diabetic wounds, and hepatic disorders apart from its inherent antioxidant effects. Therefore, the present study was aimed to evaluate antioxidant effect of CMN in prevention of nephrolithiasis in rats-induced by ethylene glycol (EG) and Vitamin D3 (Vit. D3). Male Wistar rats (175 - 200 g) were randomized in groups like control, EG + Vit. D3 induced nephrolithiatiatic rats, CMN treated rats, CMN + EG + Vit. D3 treated rats, Vit. E + EG + Vit. D3 treated rats. Urine was collected weekly throughout the experimental protocol and estimated for calcium oxalate (CaO) count. After completion of experimental protocol serum was estimated for blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. Both the kidneys were excised and used to evaluate levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress and calcium oxalate crystal deposition by histopathological studies. Administration of EG and Vit. D3 to rats resulted in increased oxidative stress, hyperoxaluria and renal deposition of CaO crystals. Supplementation with CMN improves kidney function, reduces elevated oxidative stress, urinary oxalate level and renal deposition of CaO which shows its protective action in nephrolithiasis. The increased deposition of stone in the kidney and stone forming constituents of nephrolithiatic rats were effectively lowered by treatment of CMN.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.124-131
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• 1991

식이 단백질 섭취수준 및 동·식물성 단백질 급원이 칼슘 및 인대사에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위하여 10명의 한국성인 연성을 대상으로 26일간의 통제 식이실험을 실시하였다. 대사실험 연구는 6일간의 적응기간과 10일간의 중단백식이(60g 단백질 545mg Ca)와 10일간의 고단백질 식이(90g 단백질 575mg Ca)로 구성되었다 중·고단백 식이기간 동안 동물성 단백질(75% 동물성 단백질)과 식물성 단백질(75% 식물성 단백질) 식이군으로 나누어 같은 식이에서 중단백식이 후 고단백식이를 섭취토록 하였고 실험식이 마지막 4일간은 각 2명에게 300mg 칼슘을 보충시켰다. 칼슘 흡수율은 단백질 섭취량의 증가시 동물성 단백질 식이군에서 유의적으로 증가하였다, 칼슘 보충은 급원에 관계없이 칼슘 흡수를 증가시켰다. 중단백 식이기간 동안 동물성과 단백질 식이에서 칼슘흡수율은 약 30% 이었으며 고단백질식이 기간 동안 동물성 단백질에서 46% 식물성 단백질에서 37% 이었다. 칼슘을 보충시켰을 때 중단백 식이기간동안 칼슘 흡수율은 약 46% 이었으며 고단백 식이군에서 53%이었다 뇨중 칼슘배설은 단백질 섭취수준에는 영향을 받지 않았으나 동물성 단백질 식이에서 식물성 단백질 식이보다 칼슘배설양이 많았다. 칼슘 균형을 단백질 섭취증가와 칼슘 보충으로 호전되었다. 인의 흡수는 단백질 섭취수준에는 영향을 받지않았으며 인 섭취량에 따라 증가하였다. 인 흡수율은 동물성 단백질 식이군에서 약 77∼81% 로 식물성 단백질 식이군에서의 55∼65% 보다 높았다. 이상의 결과로 보아 단백질 섭취수준 60g에서 90g으로의 증가와 칼슘보충은 뇨중 칼슘 배설에는 영향을 주지않으며 칼슘 흡수를 증진시켜 칼슘균형을 호전시키는 것으로 나타났다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.119-137
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• 1989

Turtle bladder의 상피조직(上皮組織)과 세포막(細胞膜) 투과성(透過性)을 분석하기 위하여 동결절단법(凍結切斷法)을 적용(適用)하여 전자현미경(電子顯微鏡) 관찰을 하였으며 그 결과 다음과 같이 요약(要約)된다. 1. 방광상피(膀胱上皮)의 3가지 주요세포형(主要細胞形)은 granular-cell, ${\alpha}$ 및 ${\beta}$형(形)의 CA-rich cell로서 구분된다. 2. 과립성세포(顆粒性細胞)의 주요기능(主要機能)은 $Na^+$ 재흡수(再吸收)이며, 두 단계(段階)의 수송과정(輸送過程)으로 설명되며 정단세포막(頂端細胞膜)을 통한 $Na^+$의 세포내(細胞內) 확산이동(擴散移動)과 그후 기저막(基底膜)에 위치한 $Na^{+}\;-K^{+}$ 펌프에 의한 능동수송과정(能動輸送過程)이다. 3. ${\alpha}$ 및 ${\beta}$형(形) CA-rich cell은 $Na^+$ 수송(輸送)에 관여하지 않으며, ${\alpha}$형(形)의 CA-cell은 정단세포막(頂端細胞膜)의 proton펌프를 이용하여 proton 분필(分泌)에 관여한다. 또한 ${\beta}$형(形)의 CA-cell는 정단세포막(頂端細胞膜)을 통한 $HCO_{3}^-$ 분필수송(分泌輸送)의 기능을 가지고 있다. 4. 동결절단법(凍結切斷法)의 적용하에 세포막표면(細胞膜表面)의 특성(特性)을 관찰한 바, ${\alpha}$형(形)의 CA-cell의 정단세포막(頂端細胞膜)은 proton펌프를 함유하는 것으로 보이는 intramembrane particle이 다수 관찰되고 있으며, ${\beta}$형(形) CA-cell은 기저세포막(基底細胞膜)에서 이와같은 intramembrane particle이 나타나고 있다. 5. 상술(上述)한 두 type의 CA-cell에서 수송특성(輸送特性)의 차이는 proton 및 $HCO_{3}^-$ 분필수송(分泌輸送)이 서로 반대의 방향으로 일어나는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.232-241
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• 1988

This study was to investigate the effect of calcium supplementation on the reduction of blood pressure in normotensive young adults. Fortyseven healthy college students(23 male and 24 female) were divided into Ca and placebo groups, and were orally given with calcium(1g/day, 2.5g as CaCO3) and placebo, respectively, for 20 weeks. Blood pressure was measured by Korotokoff method in seated position every two weeks. Average daily dietary calcium intakes of the subjects were 626-643mg in men and 513-552mg in women. Average initial level of serum calcium of the subjects belonged to normal range. 1. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure(SBP and DBP) of Ca group showed significant continuously decreasing tendency from 6-8 weeks until final 20 weeks of the supplementation in both men and women. But placebo groups did not. Comparing with the basal value, reduction of SBP and DBP after 20 weeks were 6.53$\pm$4.30%(8.9mmHg) and 8.10$\pm$3.30%(7.4mmHg) in men, and 6.56$\pm$2.41%(8.1mmHg) and 7.33$\pm$3.75%(6.2mmHg) in women. The blood pressure lowering effect of calcium supplementation seemed to be greater in the subjects with higher basal SBP. 2. Serum calcium was significantly increased by calcium supplementation in both men and women, and showed significant negative correlation with SBP(r=-.213) and DBP(r=-.301) in women. Serum Ca/Mg ratio of Ca group was also elevated and showed significant negative correlation with SBP(r=-.174) and DBP(r=-.194) in total subjects. 3. Urinary excretion of Na did not show any significant changes by calcium supplementation in both men and women and showed no correlations with blood pressures.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제17권
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• pp.127-133
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• 2001

Together with cytochrome P450 (CYP), flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) present in liver microsomes oxidizes various endogenous and exogenous chemicals. In an effort to determine the human FMO activity, we have developed two non-invasive urine analysis methods using caffeine (CA) and ranitidine (RA) as the probe compounds. As the production of theobromine (TB) and ranitidine N-oxide (RANO) from CA and RA is catalyzed primarily by the hepatic FMO, we have assigned the urinary molar ratios of TB/CA and RA/RANO as the in vivo FMO activity. In 200 age-matched Korean volunteers, the obtained TB/CA ratio ranged from 0.4 to 15.2 (38-fold difference) and the RA/RANO ratio from 5.7 to 27.2 (4.8-fold). The FMO activity of 20's, determined by caffeine metabolism, was the highest (2.5$\pm$l.9) and those of 30's, 40's, 50's, 60's and 70's were 40%, 50%, 24%, 39% and 36% of the 20's, respectively. Intake of grapefruit juice, known to contain flavonoids, inhibited the in vivo FMO (TB/CA) activity by 79%. Addition of the flavonoids like naringin, quercitrin and kaempferol, present in grapefruit juice, to the in vitro microso-mal FMO assay, thiobenzamide S-oxidation, produced 75%, 70% and 60% inhibition, respectively. Obtained Ki values of quercitrin, kaempferol and naringin on the in vitro FMO activity were 6.2, 12.0 and 13.9 $\mu\textrm{M}$, respectively. This suggested that the dose of drug should need to be adjusted to suit the individual FMO activities when the drugs metabolized by FMO are given to patients. As the intake of grapefruit juice has been identified to inhibit the FMO as well as CYP3A4 and lA2 activities, patients taking drugs metabolized by these enzymes should not drink grapefruit juice as the carrier.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.150-157
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• 1999

This study explored the effects of dietary calcium levels and/or ovariectomy on bone formation, bone composition and calcium metabolism using female Sprague-Dawley weanling rats(mean body weight$\pm$SEM : 232.3$\pm$6.7g) as a model. Rats received high(1.5%) calcium diets for eight weeks during the growth period and were randomly assigned to ovariectomy and sham groups. The two groups were than each randomly divided into three sub-groups and fed 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.5% calcium diets for eight weeks after operation. The results indicate that body weight gain was higher in ovariectomy groups than sham groups regardless of dietary calcium levels and food intakes. Serum Ca concentration was decreased in low Ca groups after operation and serum P concentration increased in ovariectomy groups. Serum Ca concentration was decreased in low Ca groups after operation and serum P concentration increased in ovariectomy groups. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was increased in ovariectomy groups and was not influenced by dietary calcium levels after operation. Urinary hydroxyproline decreased in high Ca intake groups regardless of whether rats had received an ovariectomy or not. The weight, length and breaking force of the femur were not significantly different in all groups. Ash, calcium, phosphate and magnesium contents in the femur and lumbar were not significantly different regardless of ovariectomy operation and dietary calcium levels. But high/normal calcium intake after ovariectomy and sham operation increased the weight and calcium content in bone. Therefore, high calcium intake influenced the formation of peak bone mass during the growth period and calcium levels and calcium levels and calcium levels continued to influence bone growth and composition after ovariectomy.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.154-166
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• 2003

To investigate the effects of isoflavone supplementation on both bone mineral density and hormone variation in premenopausal women who had decreased bone mass, the 24 subjects were divided into two groups: one was the underweight group, consisting of 13 subjects, and the other was the normal weight group consisting of 11 subjects. For each group, we investigated the effects of isoflavone supplementation of 90 mg/day on both bone mineral density and hormone variation during 3 menstrual cycles. Anthropometric measurements, dietary recall, and analyses of blood and urine were assessed from baseline to post-treatment. The results were as follows: The average age of the underweight group was 21.8 years old and that of the normal weight group was 23.2 years old. The comparative results for the two groups at baseline were as follows: Onset of menarche, menstrual cycle, and menstrual length were not significantly different between the groups. Serum protein, total, HDL-, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, Ca, P, Mg, Cu, and Zn level were not significantly different between the groups. Serum estradiol, SHBG, LH, and FSH level were also not significantly different between the groups. Lumbar spine BMD by T scores of the underweight group was significantly lower than that of the normal weight group. Serum osteocalcin, urinary DPD, and urinary pH were not significantly different between the groups. The comparative results for the two groups at post-treatment were as follows: From baseline to post-treatment, the intake of energy, nutrients and isoflavone in food did not significantly change in either group. Serum protein, total cholesterol, HDL-, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels did not significantly change in either group. Serum Ca, Cu, and Zn levels were significantly lower in both groups and serum Mg level significantly decreased only in the underweight group. Serum estradiol levels were significantly lower in both groups, but serum SHBG, LH, and FSH levels did not significantly change in either group. Lumbar spine BMD by T score of the underweight group significantly increased to 15%, but that of the normal weight group did not significantly change. Serum osteocalcin of the underweight group significantly increased to 28%, while that of the normal weight group significantly increased to 40%. Urinary DPD of the normal weight group significantly increased to 12%. The results show that the BMD of the underweight group was lower than that of the normal weight group. Therefore, the underweight group had a disadvantage in obtaining maximum bone mineral density. The results also show that isoflavone supplementation during 3 menstrual cycles was effective in increasing the bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and affected bone metabolism markers in premenopausal underweight women. Therefore, it can be concluded that sufficient intake of isoflavone could be helpful in preventing decreases in bone mass among premenopausal women, especially underweight women.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.471-477
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• 1992

본 연구는 해조류가 정상적인 Na, Ca, K 흡수대사와 지질대사에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위하여 시행되었다. 실험대상자들은 영양적으로 조절된 일상식이로 5일간 적응시킨 후 미역, 다시마, 파래, 김 등 해조류가 첨가된 식이를 5일간 섭취하였다. 이때 전 실험기간 동안 섭취된 Na, Ca, K 배설량을 측정하였고 또한 혈청중 total cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid 함량을 분석함으로써 해조류와 Na, Ca, K 배설량과 지질대사와의 유의성을 규명하였다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 실험기간동안 섭취된 Na와 K는 각각 56%, 64%의 비율로 소변으로 배설되었지만, 반대로 Ca는 주로 대변으로 많이 배설되었다. 2) 식이로 섭취된 양과 대변중으로 배설된 양과의 비교에서 Na와 K는 유의적인 차이를 나타내었다. 3) 반면에 식이로 섭취된 Na, Ca, K는 혈청 농도에 아무런 영향을 미치지 않았다. 4) 혈청 total cholesterol, triglyceride 농도는 유의적(P<0.05) 수준에서 현저히 감소함으로써 해조류가 정상인의 지질대사에 영향을 미친다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 결과적으로 본 연구에서 선택한 미역, 다시마, 파래, 김 등의 해조류는 체내 무기질 이온의 대변으로서의 배설을 촉진하여 정상인의 Na, Ca 및 K 대사조절에 영향을 미치며 혈청 지질 강하 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.193-200
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• 2021

Sophora flavescens Ait. (Fabaceae) is a medicinal plant widely founded in Northeast Asia, and its dried root (Kushen) has been used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. The therapeutic effects of Kushen in micturition disorder was not investigated comprehensively yet. In the present study, we examined and compared the efficacy of three batches of Kushen extract using different ethanol content through an in vitro cell-based assay. Among them, we chose the batch with the highest efficacy and augmented the volume of extract for industrial purpose. The bulk extract was examined in its efficacy in the in vitro cell-based assay, and the therapeutic effects through an in vivo behavioral assay of OAB rats. The main components of the extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was investigated by MTT assay. The overall efficacy of the extract was as much as, or more than, kurarinone, a potent BK_Ca channel activator. Thus, the extract was a potent relaxant of urinary smooth muscle by upregulating the activity of BK_Ca channel. The Kushen extract could be explored as an alternative medicine against overactive bladder patients indicating severe dysfunction of BK_Ca channel.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.89-96
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• 2005

To determine the deleterious effects of chronic alcohol consumption on bone especially in adolescents or young adults, 8 week-old Sprague Dawley male rats were fed with Lieber-Decarli ethanol liquid diet, containing $36\%$ of energy as ethanol, ad libitum (ethanol group) or isocaloric normal liquid diet (control group) for 7 weeks. Body weight was significantly lower in ethanol group than that in control group after 1 week of feeding to the end. liver weight and the ratio of liver or kidney weight to body weight in ethanol group were significantly increased when compared to those in control group. Ethanol group showed significantly lower serum protein and albumin levels (p<0.05), higher total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels (p<0.05), and AST, ALT and BUN activities than control group, but serum triglyceride, Ca and phosphate levels were not different. Ethanol group had significantly lower tibial trabecular bone area and serum osteocalcin level than control group (p<0.05), but urinary Ca and NTx (cross-linked N-telopeptide of type I collagen) concentrations and serum testosterone and parathyroid hormone levels were not different. In conclusion, chronic alcohol consumption in growing young male rats may result in osteopenia through the reduction of bone formation as well as liver malfunction.