• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 2005

This study was performed to validate the procedure of transarterial embolization of the renal artery (TAE-RA) and sclerotherapy of renal pelvis using iohexol-ethanol solution in dogs with unilateral experimental hydronephrosis. Experimental hydronephrosis was induced by unilateral ureter ligation for 20 days in five Beagle dogs. Renal artery embolization with iohexol-ethanol solution was performed using selective catheterization technique in the hydronephrotic kidney and sclerotherapy was done by injection of the iohexol-ethanol solution through percutaneously placed pig-tail catheter. EKG, $SpO_2$ body temperature, pulse, and respiratory rate were within normal ranges during procedures. Average pure ethanol dose for renal artery embolization was $1.1\pm0.3ml/kg$. Renal artery embolization was confirmed by the detection of no blood flow signal at the interlobar and arcuate artery using color Doppler ultrasonography. There were no dogs expired after TAE-RA and sclerotherapy and no side effects associated with regurgitation of iohexol-ethanol solution. The value of BUN, creatinine, ALT, AST, Ca, P in five dogs were within normal range during the experiment period. Ultrasonographically, the mean longitudinal and transverse length and the depth of the embolized kidney significantly decreased at 28 days after TAE-RA. We may conclude that TAE-RA and sclerotherapy with iohexol-ethanol solution is an effective methods for the treatment of unilateral hydronephrosis in dogs.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 2007

A 13-year-old male Yorkshire terrier was Presented with Persistent weight loss anorexia and dark brown urine of 3-month duration. On physical examination, a firm oval mass was palpated at left renal region. In hematology and blood chemistry, neutrophilia, anemia, thrombocytopenia and elevation of ALKP were found. Abdominal radiography, ultrasonography and ultrasound-guided percutaneous pyelogram revealed masses originated from left kidney, mildly dilated renal Pelvis and intact ureter. Urinalysis showed hematuria and proteinuria. Because the state of dog became deteriorated during transfusion and the frail renal tumor was suspected to be the cause of inflammation and anemia, nephrectomy was performed. Renal masses, approximately $2{\times}3cm\;and\;5{\times}4cm$ respectively in size, was surrounded by swollen and congested mesentery and ascites. Metastatic lesion was not found in other organs. During recovery, the dog showed cardiopulmonary arrest and did not respond to critical care. Histologically the kidney was affected by necrotic and hemorrhagic change. This hemangiosarcoma most likely arose from the renal parenchyma resulting In diffuse lesions in the kidneys thought to be the cause of chronic anorexia and weight loss.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.174-179
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• 1986

Augmentin is a formulation of amoxycillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate, a fused beta-lactam molecule produced by the fermentation of Streptomyces clavuligerus. Most clinically important resistance is due to the production by bacteria of antibiotic destroying enzymes. In the case of penicillins and cephalosporins these enzymes are termed beta-lactamase as they destroy the beta-lectern ring of these antibiotics, completely inactivating them. The presence of clavulanic acid extends the spectrum of amoxycillin to include bet On clinical study of the intravenous Augmentin in the field of thoracic and cardiovascular surgical cases, we selected randomly 30 patients, 21 male and 9 female, age from 13 to 72, in the period from April to December 1985. Among the total 30 patients, 22 were preoperatively infected [11 thoracic empyema, 5 lobar pneumonia, 2 lung abscess, 2 bronchiectasis, one acute pyelonephritis with ureter stone and one rheumatic carditis], and 8 were not infected preoperatively [Table 1, 2]. Of the preoperatively infected group, 11 cases [50%] were culture positive [4 staphylococcus, 3 pseudomonas, 2 Serratia group, and one E. coli], and preoperatively non-infected group [8 cases] revealed expectedly negative findings on bacterial culture. All of the culture positive bacteria were sensitive to Augmentin on disc culture sensitivity test except one case of E. coli. Daily doses of intravenous Augmentin were 2.-1-6.0gm divided in 2-5 injections. Every injection administered [1.2gm at Augmentin dissolved in 20ml distilled water] slowly for more than 20 minutes. Duration of injection was variable according to the clinical conditions from minimum 5 to maximum 31 days. The results of antibiotic treatment with Augmentin and some other antibiotic combinations pre- and postoperatively were subgrouped as EXCELLENT, EFFECTIVE, and FAILURE. Clinical criteria of the therapeutic result were symptomatic, objective and laboratory improvement. 8 cases were excellent, 13 effective, and one failure among the preoperatively infected group, and all 8 cases of the preoperatively non-infected group were effective as pro;hylactive antibiotic therapy. Overall effective ratio was 97% in both subgroup. There was no side effect clinically and laboratory study including liver and kidney function test during and after the I.V. administration of Augmentin. Oral swallow tablets which were administered after discharge from hospital also revealed good effects with some degree of gastrointestinal trouble.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.539-543
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• 2014

Vaginal tumors are the second most common types of tumor in canine female reproductive tract, and most of these tumor are diagnosed as leiomyoma. These tumors are categorized by intraluminal or extraluminal form, and tend to develop as hormone dependent manner. In this report, we describe two cases of extra-luminal form of vaginal tumor. Both tumors were located in abdominal cavity, and adhered to entire surrounding internal organs, including urinary bladder, rectum, and particularly a part of ureter. Surgical excision was performed via laparotomy without damage to the surrounding internal organs and ovariohysterectomy, as well. A diagnosis of vaginal leiomyoma was established based on histopathology.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 2013

Urinary obstructions from ureteral calculi are one of the causes of postrenal acute kidney injury (AKI). Here we present a case of AKI caused by a 4 mm ureteral calculus with postobstructive diuresis following the spontaneous passage of the calculus. A 13-year-old girl who underwent nephrectomy for the removal of a neuroblastoma eight years previously, visited our institution because anuria had developed over the preceding five days. The serum creatinine level was elevated at 13.4 mg/dL. Radiological examinations showed the right solitary kidney with moderate hydronephrosis and a 4 mm calculus in the upper right ureter. The patient immediately underwent hemodialysis. After the ureteral calculus was passed spontaneously on day 2 of hospitalization, urinary output increased to more than 5,200 mL per day. Intravenous fluid replacement with careful monitoring of weight, intake, output, and serum and urine electrolytes was performed. On day 5 of hospitalization, the patient's condition stabilized.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.447-459
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• 2021

Objective : Oblique lateral interbody fusion (OLIF) is becoming the preferred treatment for degenerative lumbar diseases. As beginners, we performed 143 surgeries over 19 months. In these consecutive cases, we analyzed the learning curve and reviewed the complications in our experience. Methods : This was a retrospective study; however, complications that were well known in the previous literature were strictly recorded prospectively. We followed up the changes in estimated blood loss (EBL), operation time, and transient psoas paresis according to case accumulation to analyze the learning curve. Results : Complication-free patients accounted for 43.6% (12.9%, early stage 70 patients and 74.3%, late stage 70 patients). The most common complication was transient psoas paresis (n=52). Most of these complications occurred in the early stages of learning. C-reactive protein normalization was delayed in seven patients (4.89%). The operation time showed a decreasing trend with the cases; however, EBL did not show any significant change. Notable operation-induced complications were cage malposition, vertebral body fracture, injury to the ureter, and injury to the lumbar vein. Conclusion : According to the learning curve, the operation time and psoas paresis decreased. It is important to select an appropriately sized cage along with clear dissection of the anterior border of the psoas muscle to prevent OLIF-specific complications.

• Investigative and Clinical Urology
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.371-375
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• 2018

Purpose: To compare patients with sepsis due to obstructive urolithiasis (Sep-OU) and underwent drainage by percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) or a double-J (DJ)-ureteral stent and to identify predictive risk factors of DJ stent failure in these patients. Materials and Methods: We reviewed our records from January 2013 to July 2018 and identified 286 adult patients with Sep-OU out of which 36 had bilateral involvement, thus total 322 renal units were studied. Urologic residents in training carried out both ureteral stenting and PCN tube placement. Demographic data and stone characteristics were recorded along with Charlson comorbidity index. For predicting risk factors of DJ stent failure, those variables that had a p-value <0.1 in univariate analysis were combined in a multinomial regression analysis model. Results: The patients with PCN placement were significantly older than those with DJ stent placement (p=0.001) and also had significant number of units with multiple calculi (p=0.018). PCN was also placed more frequently in those patients with a upper ureteric calculi (p<0.05). On multinomial regression analysis multiple calculi (p=0.014; odds ratio [OR], 4.878; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.377-17.276) and larger calculi size (p=0.040; OR, 0.974; 95% CI, 0.950-0.999) were the significant predictors of DJ stent failure. Conclusions: In patients with sepsis from obstructive urolithiasis due to larger and multiple calculi a PCN placement might be better suited although this data requires further prospective randomized studies to be extrapolated.

• Korean Journal of Transplantation
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.165-168
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• 2014

The recipient candidate was a 51-year-old male with end-stage renal disease owing to diabetes mellitus. The initial immunosuppressive regimen included basiliximab for induction and tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids. Urine output was 413 mL/day on the operative day and 100 mL/day on the postoperative day (POD) 1. There was no definite stenosis of the ureter or vessels. He had anuria on POD 2~4 and he had undergone hemodialysis. His serum creatinine level did not decrease. Therefore, a graft biopsy was performed on POD 4. The pathologic finding was consistent with acute calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) toxicity. There was no evidence of rejection or acute tubular necrosis. Anuria continued on POD 6; therefore, we started sirolimus instead of a CNI based regimen. Graft function was gradually recovered 1 day after reduction of CNI dose and hemodialysis was stopped. The serum creatinine level was normalized on POD 10. He was discharged on POD 21.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.85-93
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• 1999

Some reports have shown a decreased effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy(ESWL) with newer lithotriptors. We compared the treatment results of ESWL with a second generation Northgate SD-3 and a third generation Modulith SLX device. A total of 2,000 patients underwent ESWL treatments for single urinary calculus between September, 1988 and July, 1998. 1,241 patients were treated with Northgate SD-3 between September, 1988 and December, 1995. And 759 patients were treated with Modulith SLX between January, 1996 and July 1998. The treatment results were compared using chi-square test to determine statistical significance. The overall success rate, success rate according to the location and size, the mean number of sessions, complication rate and retreatment rate were calculated, according to lithotriptor. The overall success rate was 90.6% with Northgate SD-3 and 89.1% with Modulith SLX. With Northgate SD-3 and Modulith SLX, the success rate according to the location was 91.0%(579/636) and 88.1%(236/268) in kidney: 93.2%(517/555) and 89.9%(258/287) in upper ureter: 83.3%10/12) and 94.4%167/177) in middle and lower ureter: 47.4%(18/38) and 55. 6%(15/27) in staghorn stone, respectively. The success rate according to the size of stone with Northgate SD-3 and Modulith SLX for stones with the size under 10mm was 96.1%(612/637) and 93.1%(470/505); from 11mm to 20mm was 87.3%(421/482) and 86.4%(165/191); from 21mm to 30mm, 77.5%(62/80) and 67.5%(23/34): and for stones larger than 31mm was 69%(29/42) and 62.1%(18/29), respectively. Mean number of sessions for successful fragmentation was 1.21 and 1.69, respectively with Northgate SD-3 and Modulith SLX. Retreatment rate was 16.7% and 17.5%, respectively. The complications after treatment were severe pain(6.2% with Northgate SD-3 vs. 2.0% with Modulith SLX), steinstrasse(3.4% vs. 1.9%), fever(1.2% vs. 0.5%) and perirenal hematoma(0.2% vs. 0%) in order of frequency. There was no significant difference in the effectiveness of Northgate SD-3 and Modulith SLX. However, a statistically significant difference was observed between the two lithotriptors. We concluded that ESWL with Modulith SLX is more safe compared to Northgate SD-3.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.1 s.26
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• pp.25-34
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• 1980

The in vitro guinea pig ureter responded to 5 sec trains of electrical stimuli with two contractions; the first an 'on response' (ON) occurred with $0.1{\sim}0.3$ sec after the onset o the stimulus train, the second an 'off response'(OFF) occurred $0.2{\sim}1.0$ sec after the termination of the stimulus train. Relaxation occurred between the two responses during a time when the stimulus was still being delivered. Longer duration and/or higher frequencies of stimuli within the train were required to elicit the OFF than the ON. Decreasing temperature from $37^{\circ}$ to $22^{\circ}$ decreased ON amplitude and increased OFF amplitude. $Ca^{++}$-free solution, 2 mM EDTA, 1 mM $Mn^{++}$ or $1{\mu}M$ verapamil rapidly abolished ON. OFF persisted when ON had disappeared by repeated stimulation at 0.12 train per sec. Conversely, caffeine, $50{\mu}M$ and theophylline, $10{\mu}M$ abolished OFF with only slight reduction of ON, and sodium nitroprusside decreased preferentially ON amplitude rather than OFF. Relaxation between ON and OFF was incomplete in low $Na^+$ solution. ON and OFF were not affected by the neural blockers tetrodotoxin, atropine or phentolamine, also pyrilamine and methysergide, and relaxation between ON and OFF was $Na^+$ dependent. Furthermore, ON depends on free $Ca^{++}$ and OFF is more dependent on bound or stored $Ca^{++}$.