• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.12-18
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• 1991

The effect of urea and urea derivatives on the percutaneous absorption of salicylic acid and sodium salicylate through the skin of rabbit from petrolatum ointment was investigated. It was found that addition of urea or urea derivatives to the ointment base significantly increased the percutaneous absorption of the drugs in proportion to the concentratoin of the additive. The percutaneous absorptoin-enhancing activities of these compounds were that urea derivatives with the more and longer alkyl substituents showed the stronger activities. These activities of urea and urea derivatives were ascribed to the binding of these compounds with the lipids and proteins of the stratum corneum of the skin and the swelling of the tissues, which leads to the reduction of the barrier property of the layer. The preliminary skin irritation test showed that urea and urea derivatives were quite non-irritating to the skin. These results suggest that urea derivatives have a strong possibility to be developed as a percutaneous absorption enhancer.

• 공업화학
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.100-110
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• 1992

수용액에서 amlne류와 arylsulfonyl carbamate류를 반응시켜 다음과 같은 arylsulfonyl urea유도체들을 좋은 수율로 쉽게 합성할 수 있다 : 1) N-Arylsulfonyl-N'-arylurea 유도체, 2) N-Arylsulfonyl-N'-alkyl urea 유도체, 3) N-Arylsulfonyl-N'-heterocyclic urea 유도체. Arylsulfonyl urea의 합성에 관한 반응메카니즘은, 먼저 산-염기 반응에 의해 ion-pair형태가 만들어지고, 그 다음 사면체형 중간체를 형성하는 친핵성첨가반응, 그리고 산촉매에 의한 alkoxide ion과 양성자의 제거반응에 따라 일어난다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.29-37
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• 2009

This study is focused on the synthesis of urea and amide derivatives particularly, since the amide moiety is an essential binding group at the binding site. Urea derivatives 3-7 and 13-14 were obtained by reaction of 2-aminopyrimidines and other amines with diverse isocyanates in pyridine as a solvent under reflux. The urea derivatives were obtained in low yield because of the highly electron deficient nature of the amino group of the 2-aminopyrimidine. Amide derivatives 8-10 were obtained in moderate yields by reaction of compound 1 with aryl chloride derivatives. Also, arylamine 11 was synthesized by Buchwald-Hartwig amination in moderate yields. Most of the compound did not show good activity against A375P melanoma cells, compared with Sorafenib as control compound.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.126-129
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• 1992

The critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) of aqueous solutions of a nonionic surfactant, polyoxyl 23 lauryl ether in the presence of various concentration of urea and its derivatives were measured. The CMC of the surfactant increase in proportion to the concentration of the additives, and the CMC-raising activities increased with more and longer alkyl grups substituted in urea. The CMC shift values were successfully correlated with the cloud point shift values and the protein-denaturing activities of the additives, respectively. These results suggest that the micelle formation, clouding of the surfactant and the protein denaturation are a closely related phenomenon, and a common mechanism is operating which might be the hydrophobic interaction.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.227-233
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• 1987

Aniline 유도체(誘導體)로부터 thiocyanation에 의(依)해 2-aminobenzothiazole 유도체(誘導體)를 합성(合成)하였고, 이어서 mothylisocanate의 부가반응(附加反應)에 의(依)하여 3-(benzothiazol-2-yl)-1-methyl urea 유도체(誘導體) 6종(種)을 합성(合成)하여 IR, NMR, GC/MS 등(等)에 의(依)하여 물질(物質)의 구조(構造)를 확인(確認)하였다. 합성(合成)한 화합물(化合物)들의 바랭이, 강아지풀의 화본과(禾本科) 잡초(雜草)와 쇠비름, 명아주의 광엽(廣葉) 잡초(雜草)에 대(對)하여 50g, 200g, 800g a.i/10a로 발아전처리(發芽前處理)를 하여 살초효과(殺草效果)를 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 합성(合成)한 화합물(化合物) 6종(種) 모두 발아전처리제(發芽前處理劑)로서 800g a.i/10a 살포량(撒布量)에서 화본과(禾本科) 또는 광엽(廣葉) 잡초(雜草)에 대(對)하여 살초효과(殺草效果)가 인정(認定)되었다. 화합물(化合物) 번호(番號) ACRI-S-8416, ACRI-S-8411 및 ACRI-S-8413은 800g a.i/10a의 살포량(撒布量)에서 광엽(廣葉) 잡초(雜草)에 효과(效果)가 있었으며 ACRI-S-8412는 화본과(禾本科) 잡초(雜草)에 선택적(選擇的) 살초효과(殺草效果)가 인정(認定)되었다. 화합물(化合物) 번호(番號) ACRI-S-8414 즉(卽), 3- (6-ethylbenzothiazol-2-yl)-1-methyl urea는 6종(種)의 화합물(化合物) 중(中) 가장 강력(强力)한 살초효과(殺草效果)를 나타내었으며 50g a.i/10a의 살포량(撒布量)에서도 화본과(禾本科) 잡초(雜草)에 60%의 선택적(選擇的) 살초효과(殺草效果)가 인정(認定)되었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.110-114
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• 1998

The hydrogen-bonding interactions between thioacetamide (TA) and urea derivatives such as tetramethylurea (TMU) and dimethyldiphenylurea (DMDPU) have been studied using near-infrared absorption spectroscopy. Thermodynamic parameters for the interactions between TA and urea derivatives were determined by analyzing the $v^{as}_{N-H}$+Amide Ⅱ combination band of TA at 1970 nm. The ΔH° values, indicating the intrinsic strength of hydrogen bonding, are - 23.0 kJ/mole and - 19.8 kJ/mol for TMU and DMDPU, respectively. This is well explained by the inductive effects of substituents. Ab initio molecular orbital calculations for the proton affinity of TMU, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) in gas phase have been carried out at HF/3-21G ad HF/6-31G(d) levels, showing that the proton affinity of TMU is larger than that of DMA, which agrees well the experimental results.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제33권11호
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• pp.3857-3860
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• 2012

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.953-956
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• 1999

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.104-108
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• 1992

2, 3-Diphenyl-6-formyl-5-methoxyindole reacts with ethyl cyano acetate to yield the arylidene derivative which forms with urea and thiourea the corresponding pyrimidine derivatives. The arylidene derivatives react with hydrazines and with active methylenes to form the respective pyrazole derivatives and the $\alpha, \;\beta$-disubstituted acrylonitriles. Seven new compounds were tested for their effects on the arterial blood pressure of rats and analgesic activity.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.384-389
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• 2004

$100^{\circ}C$에서 반응시켜 2, 4, 6, 8시간의 갈변도 변화는 ${\beta}-1,4-mannobiose$와 urea의 반응혼합물이 시간의 경과함에 따라 강한 착색도의 증가를 나타냈으나 phenylthiourea, thiourea의 반응액은 착색속도가 늦었다. 같은 조건하에서 $Gal^3Man_4$와 urea 관련화합물의 각 반응혼합물의 갈변도를 나타낸 것으로 urea가 강한 착색도의 중가를 보였고 phenylthiourea, thiourea의 반응액은 비교적 높은 착색도를 보였다. DP 7의 galactosyl mannooligosaccharide와의 각 반응혼합물의 갈변도는 urea의 반응액이 강한 착색을 보였으며 phenylthiourea, thiourea의 반응액의 순으로 착색를 나타내었다. 반응혼합물의 TLC 결과에서 ${\beta}-1,4-mannobiose$와 urea의 반응혼합물 이외에 phenylthiourea, thiourea의 반응액은 새로운 화합물이 생성되었고, $Gal^3Man_4$와 D.P 7 galactosyl manooligosaccharide와의 반응혼합물에서는 모든 반응액에서 새로운 화합물이 출현되었다. 반응혼합물의 환원력은 urea관련화합물 중에서 특히 phenylthiourea, thiourea가 ${\beta}-1,4-mannobiose,\;Gal^3Man_4$, DP 7의 galactosyl manooligosaccharide와의 반응혼합물에서 강한 환원력이 나타났다. Linoleic acid에 대한 반응혼합물의 항산화력 측정에서 ${\beta}-1,4-mannobiose$와 thiourea의 반응혼합물의 항산화력이 Ascorbic acid(AsA)수준의 항산화력을 나타내었고, $Gal^3Man_4$와 thiourea, phenylthiourea의 반응혼합물은 AsA와 유사한 항산화능을 나타내었다. DP 7의 galactosyl manooligosaccharide와 thiourea, phenylthiourea의 반응혼합물의 항산화력은 AsA에 미치지는 못하였다. ${\beta}-1,4-Mannobiose$와 thiourea, phenylthiourea의 반응혼합물이 강한 전자공여능을 나타내고 있고, $Gal^3Man_4$와 phenylthiourea의 반응혼합물 및 D.P 7의 galactosyl manooligosaccharide와 phenylthiourea와의 반응혼합물이 전자공여능을 나타내고 있다.