• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.41-63
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• 2018

Incidental envy influences behavior in various domains. However, no research, to date, has investigated whether incidental envy influences interpersonal behavior toward others who are unrelated to the emergence of the emotion. That is, the literature is silent on how those who experience incidental envy engage in interpersonal contact and how this may affect consumers. In this paper, we address this question by investigating the influence of incidental envy on interpersonal contact with others of higher or lower status based on the social comparison theory. We demonstrate that incidental envy (versus a neutral emotion) motivates people to contact higher status others to facilitate upward assimilation (experiments 1 and 2). We also show that when competition (a situational factor that heightens the personal relevance of the interaction with the target) is involved, individuals who feel envy (versus a neutral emotion) are more likely to contact lower status others to engage in downward contrast (experiment 3). We conclude with a discussion of the practical implications of our findings.

• 대기
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.163-172
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• 2011

Numerical forecasting depends on the initial condition error strongly because numerical model is a chaotic system. To calculate the sensitivity of some forecast aspects to the initial condition in the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) Unified Model (UM) which is originated from United Kingdom (UK) Meteorological Office (MO), an algorithm to calculate adjoint sensitivities is developed by modifying the adjoint perturbation forecast model in the KMA UM. Then the new algorithm is used to calculate adjoint sensitivity distributions for typhoon DIANMU (201004). Major initial adjoint sensitivities calculated for the 48 h forecast error are located horizontally in the rear right quadrant relative to the typhoon motion, which is related with the inflow regions of the environmental flow into the typhoon, similar to the sensitive structures in the previous studies. Because of the upward wave energy propagation, the major sensitivities at the initial time located in the low to mid- troposphere propagate upward to the upper troposphere where the maximum of the forecast error is located. The kinetic energy is dominant for both the initial adjoint sensitivity and forecast error of the typhoon DIANMU. The horizontal and vertical energy distributions of the adjoint sensitivity for the typhoon DIANMU are consistent with those for other typhoons using other models, indicating that the tools for calculating the adjoint sensitivity in the KMA UM is credible.