• PNF and Movement
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.151-159
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the activation of the contralateral upper and lower extremities and trunk muscle during ipsilateral upper extremity diagonal isokinetic exercise. Methods: Twenty-one healthy male subjects with no history of shoulder injury undertook ipsilateral diagonal isokinetic exercise at 60, 120, and $180^{\circ}/sec$, utilizing a standard Biodex protocol. Muscle activation amplitudes were measured in the upper trapezius, pectoralis major, biceps brachii, rectus abdominis, external oblique, rectus femoris, adductor longus, and biceps femoris muscles using electromyography. A one-way analysis of variance and paired t-tests were conducted, and the data were analyzed using SPSS, version 21.0. Results: The results revealed no statistically significant interaction between motion and angular velocity and no statistically significant contralateral muscle activation according to angular velocity (p>0.05). However, they revealed statistically significant contralateral muscle activation according to motion (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that the movements involved in contralateral upper extremity diagonal isokinetic exercise can enhance muscle strength in patients affected by stroke, fracture, burns, or arthritis.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.8-13
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of the present current study was to examine control of upper limb multi-joint movements with differential coordination stability. To achieve the goals of the study, torque analyses were utilized to answer questions about how torque components were differed among various elbow-wrist coordination patterns. Methods: Eight self-reported right-handed college students (3 males and 5 females, mean age=20.6 yr) were volunteered. The task required participants to rhythmically coordinate the flexion-extension motions of their elbow and wrist with coordination relationship of $0^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, and $180^{\circ}$relative phases between the two joints. Mean relative phase and phase stability (standard deviation of relative phase) were computed to for analysisze of overall coordination performance. To determine the figure out characteristics of torque components in elbow and wrist joints, impulse values of muscle torque (MT) and interactive torque (IT) and MT as a percentage of cycle duration (MT-PCD) were analyzed. Results: Torque results showed that the proximal elbow joint generated motions with mainly muscle efforts regardless of coordination patterns, while the distal wrist joint adjusted the coordination patterns by changing amount of MT. Impulse analyses showed that the least stable $90^{\circ}$ pattern was performed by utilizing a similar coordination strategy of the most stable $0^{\circ}$ pattern. Conclusion: The present current study suggests that the roles of distal and proximal joints differ in order to achieve various multi-joint coordination movements. This study provides information for use in gives an idea to development of rehabilitation or training programs for to persons with an impaired upper limb motor ability.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.231-236
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• 2019

Background/Objectives: This paper proposes a dual mode feedback-controlled cycling system for children with spastic cerebral palsy to rehabilitate upper extremities. Repetitive upper limb exercise in this therapy aims to both reduce and analyze the abnormal torque patterns of arm movements in three- dimensional space. Methods/Statistical analysis: We designed an exercycle robot which consists of a BLDC motor, a torque sensor, a bevel gear and bearings. Mechanical structures are customized for children of age between 7~13 years old and induces reaching and pulling task in a symmetric circulation. The shafts and external frames were designed and printed using 3D printer. While the child performs active/passive exercise, angular position, angular velocity, and relative torque of the pedal shaft are measured and displayed in real time. Findings: Experiment was designed to observe the features of a cerebral palsy child's exercise. Two children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy participated in the experiment and conducted an active exercise at normal speed for 3 sets, 15 seconds for each. As the pedal reached 90 degrees and 270 degrees, the subject showed minimum torque, in which the child showed difficulty in the pulling task of the cycle. The passive exercise assisted the child to maintain a relatively constant torque while visually observing the movement patterns. Using two types of exercise enabled the child to overcome the abnormal torque measured in the active data by performing the passive exercise. Thus, this system has advantage not only in allowing the child to perform the difficult task, which may contribute in improving the muscle strength and endurance and reducing the spasticity but also provide customizable system according to the child's motion characteristic. Improvements/Applications: Further study is needed to observe how passive exercise influences the movement characteristics of an active motion and how customized experiment settings can optimize the effect of pediatric rehabilitation for spastic cerebral palsy.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.65-74
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• 1995

There is no line of demarcation between the shoulder and elbow regions. Pain In the arm may originate at the shoulder with reference downwards or less often at the elbow with reference upwards. Most pains indicated by the patient at the elbow or forearm have a local origin, since at the more distal part of the upper limb the capacity for correct localization is good. Once it is clear that the elbow region is at fault, the joint and the muscles about it are tested by ten movements. 1. Four. Passive extension, flexion, pronation, supination-full range, LOM, painful, painless. 2. Four. Resisted extension, flexion, pronation, supination-strong, weak, painful, painless. 3. Two. Resisted flexion, extension at the wrist-painful, painless. The muscles that perform theses two movements arise from the humeral epicondyles and a lesion in either often causes pain felt at the elbow although the tissuse affected is not functionally a part of the elbow (i. e. Tennis elbow and Golfer's elbow).

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제65권1호
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• pp.194-199
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• 2016

EMG has specific information which is related to movements according to the activities of muscles. Therefore, users can intuitively control a prosthesis. For this reason, biosignals are very useful and convenient in this kind of application. Bioimpednace also provides specific information about movements like EMG. In this study, we used both EMG and bioimpedance to classify the typical hand gestures such as hand open, hand close, no motion (rest), supination, and pronation. Nine able-bodied subjects and one amputee were used as experimental data set. The accuracy was $98{\pm}1.9%$ when 2 bio-impedance and 8 EMG channels were used together for normal subjects. The number of EMG channels affected the accuracy, but it was stable when more than 5 channels were used. For the amputee, the accuracy is higher when we use both of them than when using only EMG. Therefore, accurate and stable hand motion estimation is possible by adding bioimepedance which shows structural information and EMG together.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.133-145
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• 1994

The purpose of this study were 1) to describe the rolling movements of the twenties, 2) to identify developmental sequences of three body regions and 3) to evaluate the influence gender might have on the movement patterns used for rolling. Fifty males(mean 23.2 years of age) and fifty females(mean 21.1 years of age) performed the 10 trials of rolling from a supine to a prone position while being videotaped. Individual videotaped trials were classified using the described categories for upper extremity, lower extremity and head-trunk component. The most common combination of movement patterns described. The results of this study were as follows : 1. Only $16\%$ of males and $12\%$ of females demonstrated a same combination of movements during rolling. 2. Gender differences were found in the incidence of movement patterns of each body region. 3. This study determined if head-trunk anion might develop in advance of limb action. 4. This study determined if upper extremity action might develop in advance of lower extremity action. The variability of adults' rolling movement provides physical therapists with numeous movement combinations that might be used when teaching patterns to rolling.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.104-110
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• 2008

The aim of this study ultimately is verifying that PGO gait is more efficient than RGO fur paraplegics because the air muscle assists hip flexion power in heel off movement. The gait characteristics of the paraplegic wearing the PGO or RGO are compared with that of a normal person. PGO with air muscles was used to analyze the walking of patients with lower-limb paralysis, and the results showed that the hip joint flexion and pelvic tilt angle decreased in PGO. In comparison to RGO gait, which is propelled by the movements of the back, PGO uses air muscles, which decreases the movement in the upper limb from a stance phase rate of 79$\pm$4%(RGO) to 68$\pm$8%. The energy consumption rate was 8.65$\pm$3.3 (ml/min/Kg) for RGO, while it decreased to 7.21t2.5(ml/min/Kg) for PGO. The results from this study show that PGO decreases energy consumption while providing support for patients with lower-limb paralysis, and it is helpful in walking for extended times.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.143-148
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• 2016

Objective: This study aimed to quantify one of the useful upper extremity movements to evaluate motor control abilities between the groups of people with mild and moderate arm impairments performing a door handling task. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Twenty-one healthy participants and twenty-one persons with chronic stroke (9 mild stroke and 12 moderate stroke) were recruited for this study. Stroke participants were divided into 2 groups based on Fugle-Meyer Assessment scores of 58-65 (mild arm) and 38-57 (moderate arm). All they performed door handling task including the pronation and supination phases 3 times. We measured some movement factors which were reaction time, movement time, hand of peak velocity, hand of movement units to perform door handling task using the three-dimensional motion analysis. Results: The majority of kinematic variables showed significant differences among study groups (p<0.05). The reaction time, total and phase of movement time, hand of peak velocity, the number of movement units discriminated between healthy participants and persons with moderate upper limb stroke (p<0.05). In addition, reaction time, total and phase of movement time, the number of movement units discriminated between those with moderate and mild upper limbs of stroke patients (p<0.05). Conclusions: Three-dimensional kinematic motion analysis in this study was a useful tool for assessing the upper extremity function in different subgroups of people with stroke during the door handling task. These kinematic variables may help clinicians understand the arm movements in door handling task and consist of discriminative therapeutic interventions for stroke patients on upper extremity rehabilitation.

• 재활치료과학
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.71-80
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• 2016

목적: 본 연구는 뇌졸중으로 인한 편마비 환자를 대상으로 거울치료의 임상적용 가능성 및 효과를 제시하는 데에 목적이 있다. 연구방법: 2005년 1월부터 2016년 1월까지 국외 학술지에 게재된 논문을 PubMed를 통하여 검색하였다. 포함기준과 배재기준을 고려하여 최종적으로 9개의 논문을 대상으로 분석하였다. 결과: 거울치료의 효과를 알아보기 위한 중재방법으로는 손목과 손의 단순한 움직임과 과제기반 거울치료가 사용되었다. 중재효과를 알아보기 위해 상지기능, 일상생활동작, 신체적 상태, 삶의 질 평가도구가 사용되었다. 상지의 기능은 근위부보다 원위부에서 더욱 효과가 있고, 일상생활동작에서도 유의한 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으나, 삶의 질에서는 실험군과 대조군 사이에 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 연구를 통해 임상 치료사들은 대상자의 특성에 따라 거울치료를 적절하게 사용할 근거를 찾을 수 있을 것이라 생각된다. 하지만 다양한 거울치료의 프로토콜로 인해 효율적인 적용방법을 확인하는 데 어려움이 있었다. 앞으로는 거울치료의 효과를 극대화 할 수 있는 체계화된 치료 프로토콜이 개발되어야 할 것이다.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.125-131
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• 2016

PURPOSE: The objective of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of mental practice on function and muscle activation of upper extremity (UE) in stroke patients. METHODS: The mental practice was conducted on 12 subjects for 10 minutes and the related existing work treatment for 20 minutes. The evaluation for the function of UE proceeded with Fugl-Meyer assessment of motor function (FMA) and muscle activity analysis instrument. Furthermore we analyzed patients' reaching activity by two stages, reaching phase and returning to original position phase. RESULTS: According to the research results, the subjects' upper limb function improved in all of the measured items and the total scores after the mental practice (p<.05). In muscle activity, CCR value was used to efficiently analyze the patients' reaching activity in the two stages of reaching stage and returning to the original position phase. While the elbow movement only had a bit of positive change (1.1%) in the reaching stage, both the shoulder (-12.3%) and elbow (-18.2%) movements had a positive change in the returning to original position phase. CONCLUSION: This research confirmed that the mental practice is effective for the enhancement of UE function for stroke patients. The result of this research can contribute to the progress of mental practice in clinical environment.