• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.191-204
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• 1998

The feasibility of fly ash was evaluated as an alternative liner material to the conventional clay liner of landfills through modeling and laboratory experiments. In order to consider the effect of unsaturation on water flow through the liner, analyses were made to compare flow characteristics in saturated liner with that of unsaturated one. Contaminant migration characteristics in liners were investigated by batch experiment and modeling, in which phenol was employed as a model was solved by numerical techniques of finite difference method and predictor-corrector method to deal with high non-linearity. Sequential method was used to handle the system of differential equations. Results show that the alternative liner material is more capable of cutting off water flow in unsaturated condition and in preventing phenol from passing through it. It can be seen that, under the flow conditions considered in this study, the conventional saturation approach underestimates the amount of water passing through the liner and doers the cut-off capability against phenol significantly.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.995-1002
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• 2000

To evaluate energy efficiency and partition of nutrients, 32 piglets were weaned at 14 d of age and individually fed diets containing 15% fat from coconut oil (CO, medium chain saturated), high oleate sunflower oil (HOSO, n-9 series), soybean oil (SO, n-6 series), or linseed oil plus fish oil, (LF, n-3 series). After 4 weeks, the subjects were sacrificed to evaluate empty body composition and apparent ileal digestibility with the slaughter method. No statistical effect of dietary fat sources on growth was observed. The digestibility of fat from the coconut oil diet was higher than fats from the diets containing high levels of unsaturated fatty acids. The efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for growth averaged 63% and was not affected by the diet. Dietary fat composition was reflected strongly in backfat. Total body neutral and polar fatty acids were influenced too. For the whole body phospholipid fraction the ratio of n-6 to n-3 and the double bond index were 4.3, 5.8, 7.2, 0.78 and 69, 87, 89, 87 for CO, HOSO, SO, and LF respectively. These results show that for the coconut oil diet the degree of unsaturation of phospholipids in the body was lower and that, in the other diets, it did not differ, but double bond index was maintained with different n-6 to n-3 ratios in carcass fat. On the whole the data on body fat composition indicate that the dietary fat tended to be deposited in similar quantity in the body, whatever was the dietary fatty acid profile.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.75-85
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• 1979

The Korean origin sunflower (Helianthus Annus Linn.) seed of netural lipid were analysed by thinchrography, High performance liquid chromatography, preparative Thinlayer and Gas liquid chromatography. 1) The seed oil triglyceride components were conveniently separated based on their degree of unsaturation by employing the chromatography on silica gel sintered rod impregnated with 12.5% silver nitrate. Sunflower seed oil was composed of triglyceride, especially trilinolein 57. 74% triolein 25.28%, tripalmitin 7 55% ana tristearin 9.43% by a thinctrography. 2) The fatty acid compositions of seed oil have been determined by a high performance liquid chromatographic analysis using a ALC/GPC 244 type from Waters Association (Japan) with ${\mu}$ Bondapak FFAA column. It contained stearic acid 8.59%, oleic acid 27. 19%, palmitic acid 7.50% and linoleic acid 56.72% respectively. 3) The composition of sterols were determined by a preparative Thinlayer and Gas liquid chromatographic analysis. It was noted that sitosterol was the major sterol in the Korean sunflower seed. The results showed that contents of sterols were cholesterol trace, campesterol $13_.^{22\sim}13.9%$, stigmasterol $13.8{\sim}14.1%$, If, sitosterol $58.4{\sim}60.7%$, ${\vartriangle}^7$-stigmastenol $10.2{\sim}10.5%$ and ${\vartriangle}^{7,24(25)}$-stigmastenol $3.6{\sim}3.8%$ by method of planimetry and triangulation.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.142-148
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• 1991

When cultured soybean immature seed on 15th days after flowering, suitable temperature in formation of callus were $24{\sim}27^{\circ}C$, and embryogenic callus(EC) were generated at medium containing NAA with growth regulators, and then, results were subcultured the EC, a plenty of shoots and roots were formed at medium supplemented BA 2mg/1 and IAA 2mg/1, respectively, however when used at medium the same time supplemented BA 2mg/1 and IAA 2mg/1, formation of cullus was energetic, and a symptom of organization was not showed , Total lipid contents include in each cultures were increased at low temperature of cultural conditions as much as possible, but glycolipid, phospholipid, free sterol contents were a little increased at $24{\sim}27^{\circ}C$, and free sterol content was increased at a case of embryogenic structure were generated. In fatty acid compositions in each cultures, the contents of unsaturated fatty acid were plenty in EC, and unsaturation rate was 0.837. Besides, in sterol compositions, cholesterol content was remarkably high in EC than that of other cultures.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.485-495
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• 1992

The viscosities of organic compounds (alcohols, acetates, alkanes, acids, substituted $NH_2$) in liquid states, gas states and the binary mixtures of n-alkane / 1-chloroalkane were calculated by molecular modeling techniques. The molecular descriptors of molecular modeling technique are Molecular connectivity indices, Wiener indices and ad hoc descriptors, which can encode the information of compound properties about the effect of size, branching, cyclization, unsaturation, heteroatom content, polarizability, and so on. The successful results among method have been Molecular connectivity indices, binary mixtures of n-alkane / 1-chloroalkane, Wiener indices for gas state and ad hoc descriptor for liquid states. Also we obtained the regression equations for viscosities using molecular modeling indices for gas, liquid states and binary mixtures of n-alkane / 1-chloroalkane. The calculated viscosity values for organic compounds are in good agreement with experimental results.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.15-20
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• 1985

Influence of vitamins on the felt and lipid production of Aspergilus niger var. macrosporus, Aspergillus fumigatus and penicillium notatum were investigated after 10 days of incubation at $30^{\circ}C$ under static culture condition. The felt of molds were lower in the media containing vitamins than control medium. The lipids produced by each strains were highest yields in media containing vitamins. Among of these Aspergillus niger var. macrosporus and Aspergillus fumigatus produced. 4.6g and 5.28g in medium containing inositol 2.5mg/l and 0.5mg/l, respectively; while Penicillium notatum produced 1.51g in a medium containing thiamine 10mg/l. The major fatty acid of lipids were palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid. Aspergillus niger var. macrosporus was lower palmitic acid in media containing vitamins than control medium, While linoleic acid was higher in media containing thiamine and inositol. Aspergillus fumigatus was lower oleic acid in media containing vitamins than control medium, While linoleic acid was higher in media containing vitamins. Peniillium notatum was lower palmitic acid, oleic acid and stearic acid in media containing vitamins but linoleic acid was higher. The composition of fatty acid of lipids changed depending on the media containing vitamins but hardly found a certain tendency except linoleic acid which was higher in a media containing thiamines and inositols. The degree of unsaturation of fatty acids in the lipids were comparatively higher in media containing vitamins than control medium.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.495-499
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• 2007

Seven epoxy- and hydroxyandrostane derivatives ($DH-1{\sim}DH-7$) and nine epoxy- and hydroxycholestane derivatives ($CH-1{\sim}CH-9$) with unsaturation in ring A and ring B were synthesized from DHEA and cholesterol, respectively. The antinociceptive effects of all synthesized compounds were measured by hot plate method. Most of androstane derivatives except $1{\alpha},2{\alpha}$-epoxy-4,6-androstadiene-3,17-dione (DH-3), and CH-6, CH-7 and CH-9 exhibited antinociceptive effect. 1,4-Androstadiene-$3{\beta},17{\beta}$-diol (DH-5, 100 mg/kg, $35.8{\pm}7.39$), $6{\alpha},7{\alpha}$-epoxy-1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (DH-4, 100 mg/kg, $32.6{\pm}5.50$) and $5{\alpha},6{\alpha}$-epoxy-17-oxo-androstan-$3{\beta}$-ol (DH-1, 100 mg/kg, $32.5{\pm}2.98$) were more effective than morphine (10 mg/kg, $30.6{\pm}0.5$). The analgesic effects of androstane derivatives on acetic acid writhing in mice were lower than aspirin. The androstane derivatives were less effective than ibuprofen at inhibiting effects on the carrageenin induced paw oedema. 4,6-Cholestadien-$3{\beta}$-ol (CH-5), $1{\alpha},2{\alpha}$-epoxy-4,6-cholestadien-$3{\beta}$-ol (CH-7) and $7{\alpha}$-hydroxy4-cholesten-3-one (CH-9) showed the decrease of serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in poloxamer P-407 injected rat.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.271-276
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• 1984

Effect of C/N ratios on the cell growth, cell lipid, cell protein and fatty acids of Rhodotorula sp. was examined. At low concentration of nitrogen in cultural medium the growth of the yeast was retarded, whereas its growth was favorable at high concentration but lipid yield was decreased due to a high content of cell protein. In order to increase lipid yield, the optimum C/N ratio obtained was 45-50 (5% glucose, 0.0414% nitrogen). During the cultivation cell protein synthesis occurred mainly in initia stage and the lipid was accumulated rapidly at the late phase. The highest content of total fatty acid was observed at the optimum C/N ratio. The higher C/N ratio was the more unsaturation degree of fatty acid decreased. It was attributed principally to a decreased oleic acid with palmitic acid increased. No significant changes occurred in content of other fatty acids.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.8-17
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• 2008

Styrene-butadiene rubber(SBR) has good abrasion resistance, miscibility, and anti-vibration property. however, it is easily damaged by ozone and swelled by hydrocarbon fluids because of unsaturation part in main chain, that causes loss of visco-elasticity and reduction of product's life cycle. Therefore, object of this study is to cope with this problem. SBR is blended with various proportion of ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer(EPDM), which has excellent ozone and oxygen resistance, to improve physical properties and ozone resistance, and diverse analytical techniques are used to measure morphology, glass transition temperature$(T_g)$, ozone-resistance, degradation temperature, static spring constant, hardness for considering a suitability for anti-vibration industrial product. We found that the blend consisting of SBR 70% and EPDM 30% showed no crack after ozone test and good miscibility between SBR and EPDM from this study.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.249-254
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• 1999

Enzymatic conversion of brain glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked alkaline phosphatase (GPI-AP), amphiphilic, was examined. When GPI-AP was incubated with glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D (GPI-PLD), a negligible conversion of GPI-AP to hydrophilic form was observed. The inclusion of monoacylglycerols enhanced the enzymatic conversion, although the action of monoacylglycerols differed greatly according to the size of acyl group; the enzymatic conversion was enhanced considerably in the presence of monoacylglycerols possessing acyl group of longer chain length ($C_{10-}C_{18}$), which monoacylglycerols with acyl moiety of shorter length ($C_{4-}C_{8}$) did fail to augment the enzymatic conversion. Noteworthy, monooleoylglycerol was much more effective than the other monoacylglycerols in promoting the enzymatic conversion, indicating a beneficial role of the unsaturation in acyl chain. Meanwhile, ionic amphiphiles such as monohexadecyllysophosphatidylcholoine and palmitoyl-carnitine decreased the enzymatic conversion of GPI-AP in a concentration-dependent manner, with monohexadecyllysophosphatidylcholine and palmitoyl-carnitine deceased the enzymatic conversion of GPI-AP in a concentration-dependent manner, with monohexadecyllysophosphatidylcholoine being more inhibitory than palmitoylcarnitine. Separately when GPI-AP was exposed to various oxidants prior to the incubation with GPI-PLD, a remarkable decrease of the enzymatic conversion was observed with hypochlorite and peroynitrite generators, but not $H_{2}O_{2}$. In further study, hypochlorite was found to inactivate GPI-PLD at low concentrations ($3~100{\mu}M$). From these results, it is suggested that the enzymatic conversion of GPI-AP by GPI-PLD may be regulated in vivo system.