• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.87-90
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• 2010

This study consisted of a quantitative analysis of five phenolic ingredients in differently sized unripe apple extracts, and their tyrosinase inhibitory effects were examined. In the HPLC analysis of phenolic ingredients, small ($4{\pm}1\;g$ per one) unripe apple extracts were observed to have significantly higher quercetin content than larger ($8{\pm}1\;g$ per one) unripe apple and ripe apple extracts. The amount of catechin, epicatechin, p-coumaric acid and chlorogenic acid contents were similar in both the small and large unripe apple extracts. For the results of the tyrosinase assay, small unripe apple extracts provided a potent tyrosinase inhibitory effect, showing 89.2% at 1000 ppm. The tyrosinase inhibitory effects of large unripe apple and ripe apple extracts were weaker than those of the small unripe apple extract. These results suggest that the small unripe apple extract could be useful for de-pigmenting material, while quercetin could be responsible for the potent tyrosinase inhibitory properties of small unripe apple extracts.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.1206-1213
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• 2024

Citrus fruits offer a range of health benefits due to their rich nutritional profile, including vitamin C, flavonoids, carotenoids, and fiber. It is known that unripe citrus has higher levels of vitamin C, dietary fiber, polyphenols, and flavonoids compared to mature fruits. In this study, we assessed the nutritional components of unripe citrus peel and pressed juices, as well as their anti-obesity potential through the modulation of adipocyte differentiation and the expression of adipogenesis-related genes, specifically PPARγ and C/EBPα, in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Our analysis revealed that unripe citrus peel exhibited elevated levels of fiber and protein compared to pressed juice, with markedly low levels of free sugar, particularly sucrose. The content of hesperidin, a representative flavonoid in citrus fruits, was 3,157.6 mg/kg in unripe citrus peel and 455.5 mg/kg in pressed juice, indicating that it was approximately seven times higher in unripe citrus peel compared to pressed juice. Moreover, we observed that the peel had a dose-dependently inhibitory effect on adipocyte differentiation, which was linked to a significant downregulation of adipogenesis-related gene expression. Thus, our findings suggest that unripe citrus possesses anti-obesity effects by impeding adipogenesis and adipocyte differentiation, with the peel demonstrating a more pronounced effect compared to pressed juice.

• 생약학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.22-25
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• 1991

From the fresh unripe fruits of Paeonia moutan Sim. (Paeoniaceae), paeoniflorin and its acyl congeners, benzoylpaeoniflorin and benzoyloxypaeoniflorin, along with ${\beta}-sitosterol$ and methyl gallate were isolated. All compounds were identified on the basis of spectral data and chemical reactions. However, paeonol was not detected from this plant parts. These results suggested that the chemical components of the unripe fruits were virtually similar to those of root barks.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.314-320
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: As consumption of unripe mandarin increases, its cultivation has increased in open field cultivation areas. Because unripe mandarin must be harvested before ripening and color change, the optimum harvest time must be determined. This study investigated the effect of the harvest season on the yield of unripe fruit and biennial flowering of 'Miyagawa' satsuma mandarin. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two areas of unripe mandarin orchard were selected, and the yield, fruit growth, working time, and flowering of trees the following year were investigated. Fruit was harvested at 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 days after full bloom and at general ripening. Fruit yield of unripe mandarin increased with later harvest time from 100^th to 120^th day except normal ripening. The next year, biennial occurred with normal ripening and harvesting, but not at the 120^th day after full bloom. At the 40^th day (earliest harvest time), summer and autumn shoots were present, but not after the 100^th day. The 40^th day required the most harvesting time; because the time gradually decreased with later harvest, the harvest time was shortest on the 120^th day, and general ripening occurred shortly after the 120^th day. CONCLUSION: Harvesting of unripe mandarin 100-120 days after full bloom was ideal to reduce harvesting time, enhance yield, and enable flowering the following year.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.79-82
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• 2003

To study the effect of mounting fully ripe and unripe silkworms at different maturation percentage, the ripe and unripe silkworms were mounted separately and observed the cocoon and reeling characters. The significant difference in the cocoon and reeling parameters was observed between all ripe and unripe batches except for summer season. The silkworms collecting together and mounting at a time can be recommended only in summer season and at certain level during rainy season.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.65-68
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• 2015

Hunter's color value "a" in dried-persimmon of table and full ripe fruit was higher than that in unripe fruit. In case of soluble solid content, full ripe fruit was $50^{\circ}Brix$, the highest degree, while unripe fruit was $40^{\circ}Brix$, the lowest degree. PPO activation of unripe fruit was 4.7, which was higher than table-ripe fruit (0.7) and full ripe (1.0). Polyphenol oxidase activation remained even while drying, but there was no difference in PPO activation degree as drying period increased. Total phenol content of unripe fruit was 101.4, which was higher than table-ripe fruit (57.5) and full ripe fruit (67.4). Total phenol content level increased as drying period increased, which was based on fresh weight. Hardness of unripe and table ripe fruit continued to decrease until three weeks during softening. After that, hardness was high and it started drying. However, in full ripe fruit, hardness increased after two weeks and softening was fast during the drying period, and its weight reduction rate was lower than that of unripe and table ripe fruit.

• 약학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.23-27
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• 1999

We previously reported that the extract of unripe cotton ball of Gossypium indicum shows cytotoxic activity and induces an apoptosis in vitro. In present study, its antitumor activity was investigated in vivo. Butanol soluble extract of unripe cotton ball reduced the weight of solid tumor in sarcoma 180 transplanted mouse model. It showed stronger activity than that of Krestin.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.49-58
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• 1997

Finding of internal quality is crucial for getting under control quality of watermelon after harvest. A maturity sensing device of watermelon using repulsion characteristics was developed and evaluated. In this study, five different sensing probes were used to detect the physical changes after impact on watermelons. Total 15 watermelons were tested and evaluated into two classes: ripe and unripe. It was difficult to detect the overripe watermelons using the proposed sensor. Therefore, the results showed that the developed sensor could be used to separate unripe watermelons after harvest. The results from this study are summarized as follows. 1. It was successful to distinguish between the ripe and unripe watermelon by sensing the elastic characteristics on impact. 2. The hemisphere was best for the shape of sensing part because the hemisphere concentrate stress in impact part. 3. Among the five type developed sensor, the 1, 2, 3. 5-type sensor showed good character in distinguishing between ripe and unripe watermelon.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.355-360
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 상품과로서 가치가 없어 전량 폐기되고 있는 미숙 무화과를 이용하여 산업적 이용 증대 및 식품 가공용 연육제로의 활용 가능성을 확인하기 위하여 미숙 무화과에 부형제인 maltodextrin을 5%, 10% 및 20%를 첨가하여 혼합한 후 분무건조공정을 이용하여 분말화 하였다. 분무건조 분말의 수분함량은 2.59~2.65%였으며 부형제인 maltodextrin 첨가량이 늘어날수록 색도는 L값이 늘고 a와 b값은 줄어드는 경향을 나타내었고 입자크기는 동결건조 분말($209.67{\mu}m$)에 비하여 $22.18{\sim}37.33{\mu}m$로 유의적으로 작고 균일한 크기였다. 수분흡수지수는 maltodextrin 10% 첨가군이 0.11로 가장 낮았으며 수분용해지수는 99.10%로 가장 높았다. 전체적으로는 분무건조 분말이 동결건조 분말에 비해 수분흡수지수는 낮고 수분용해지수는 높은 경향을 나타내어 산업적으로 이용시 분무건조 분말이 동결건조 분말보다 우수할 것으로 사료된다. 미숙 무화과 분말의 protease 활성은 동결건조 분말(0.92 unit/g)이 분무건조 분말(0.48~0.84 unit/g)보다 유의적으로 높은 활성을 나타내었으나, in vitro 인체 내 소화 모델에 대한 protease 활성은 분무건조 분말에서만 효소 활성이 나타나 낮은 pH에서도 안정함을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 실험결과, 미숙 무화과 분말 제조시 동결건조보다는 maltodextrin을 10% 혼합하여 제조된 분무건조 분말에서 protease활성이 우수하였으며 향후식품가공용 연육제로서 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단되었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.900-907
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• 2018

본 연구는 화장품 소재로서 미성숙 사과 과피 열수추출물의 가능성을 확인하기 위한 것으로 시료의 항산화, 미백 효과에 대한 생물학적 활성 평가를 수행하였다. 시료의 항산화 평가는 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) 라디칼 소거능과 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) 양이온 라디칼 소거능으로 확인하였다. 시료의 미백 효과를 평가하기 위해서 멜라노마(B16F10 cell)를 이용해 MTT assay를 통한 샘플의 독성평가, cellular tyrosinase 저해율 측정, 멜라닌 생합성량 측정 및 미백관련 단백질 및 유전자의 발현량을 확인하였다. 그 결과 미숙사과 열수추출물의 $1,000{\mu}g/ml$ 농도에서 DPPH 라디칼 소거능 활성이 77.3%, $ABTS^+$ 라디칼 소거능 활성은 동일농도에서 93.1%로 높은 저해능을 나타내었다. 미백활성 평가결과 미성숙 사과 과피 열수추출물의 농도 $50{\mu}g/ml$에서 tyrosinase 활성 억제 19.8%, 멜라닌 생합성 억제율은 17.3%로 나타냈다. ${\alpha}$-MSH로 유도된 B16F10 세포 내에서 tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2의 단백질 발현은 감소되었고 전사인자 MITF의 활성이 저해되었다. Real- time PCR 실험 결과에서 상위신호단계에 있는 관련 유전자의 발현도 미숙사과 미성숙 사과 과피 열수추출물의 농도가 높아짐에 따라 발현이 낮아지는 것을 확인하였다. 상기 실험 결과로부터 미성숙 사과 과피 열수추출물의 우수한 미백 효능을 확인하였으며 향후 안전한 천연 화장품 원료로 사용될 수 있음을 확인하였다.