• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.745-754
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• 2020

The dye marker Sudan Red 7B was tested as an effective and appropriate marking method for searching the territory of the termite, Reticulitermes speratus, in Korea. The sensitivity of termites to the dye marker was evaluated by measuring the feed consumption amount, survival rate, retention time, and transfer efficiency of R. speratus according to the concentration and feeding period of Sudan Red 7B. As the concentration conditions of dye marker increase, Sudan Red 7B remarkably reduced the feed consumption of the termites. The survival rate was not significantly different from that of the control group (more than 90%), except when feed containing 1% or 2% concentrations of the dye marker was given for five days. The duration of the marking effect persisted for seven days, even at a concentration of 2% dye marker in the feed. No dye transfer by trophallaxis occurred between termites marked with Sudan Red 7B and unmarked termites.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.343-350
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• 2019

Map labels are the most recognizable map elements using the human visual system because they are essentially a natural language. In this study, an experiment was conducted using an eye-tracker to objectively record and analyze the response of subjects regarding visual attention to map labels. A primary building object was identified by analyzing visit counts, average visit duration, fixation counts, and the average fixation duration of a subject's gaze for an area of interest acquired using the eye-tracker. The unmarked rate of map labels in Google map, Naver map, and Daum map was calculated. As a result, this rate exceeded fifty-one percent, with the lowest rate recorded for Google map. It is expected that the results of this study will contribute to an increase in the diversity of research in terms of the spatial cognition approach for map labels, which is more helpful to users than the existing body of work on methods of expression for labels.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2012

The aims of this study were three. First, to examine the degree of deviation from dictionary prescribed symbols and actual speech made by American English speakers. Second, to measure the frequency of vowel and consonant production of American English speakers. And third, to investigate gender differences in the segmental sounds in a speech corpus. The Buckeye Speech Corpus was recorded by forty American male and female subjects for one hour per subject. The vowels and consonants in both the phonemic and phonetic transcriptions were extracted from the original files of the corpus and their frequencies were obtained using codes of a free software R. Results were as follows: Firstly, the American English speakers produced a reduced number of vowels and consonants in daily conversation. The reduction rate from the dictionary transcriptions to the actual transcriptions was around 38.2%. Secondly, the American English speakers used more front high and back low vowels while three-fourths of the consonants accounted for stops, fricatives, and nasals. This indicates that the segmental inventory has nonlinear frequency distribution in the speech corpus. Thirdly, the two gender groups produced vowels and consonants similarly even though there were a few noticeable differences in their speech. From these results we propose that English teachers consider pronunciation education reflecting the actual speech sounds and that linguists find a way to establish unmarked segmentals from speech corpora.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.85-93
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• 2005

본 논문은 복잡한 배경에서 표식없는 손을 추적하여 한글 수화를 인식하는 시스템에 관한 것이다. 제안한 방법은 먼저 인접한 프레임간의 차 영상에 대하여 엔트로피를 측정한다. 큰 값을 갖는 영역에 대해 피부색에 가까운 분포를 갖는 색상 정보를 추출하여 배경 영상으로부터 손 영역만을 추출한다. 추출된 손 영역에 대해 윤곽선을 검출하고 개선된 무게중심 프로필(centroidal profile) 방법을 적용하여 수화를 인식한다. 6가지 모양의 수화를 사용한 실험결과 기존의 방법들과 달리 표식을 사용하지 않고도 복잡한 배경과 조명의 변화에서 안정적으로 수화를 인식할 수 있다. 또한 초당 15프레임 정도의 처리속도로 각 사람별로 95%이상, 각 수화별로 $90\sim100%$의 인식률을 얻을 수 있다.

• 음성과학
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.25-36
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• 2008

Language transfer means that the speaker's first language or previously acquired language influences on the production of the target language. This study aims at examining if there is native language influence on the production of English intonation by Korean speakers. The pitch accent patterns and the values of duration, F0, and intensity of the stressed vowel of the word with emphatic accent in the sentence produced by Korean speakers are compared to those of American English speakers. The results show that when the word receives emphatic accent in the sentence, American English speakers put H* accent on the stressed syllable of the word, but Korean speakers mostly assign high pitch on the last syllable of the word and have LH tonal pattern despite the fact that primary stress does not come on the last syllable within a word. In addition, comparison of the values of duration, F0, and intensity of the stressed vowel of the word with emphatic accent to those of the word with unmarked neutral accent shows that Korean speakers do not realize the intonation of the accented word appropriately because the values decrease even though the word has emphatic accent. This study finds out that there are differences in the production of English intonation of the word with emphatic accent between native speakers of English and Korean speakers, and that there is negative transfer of Korean intonation pattern to the production of English intonation by Korean speakers.

• 인지과학
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.13-24
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• 2004

본 연구는 지시사가 문맥에서 이미 언급된 개체를 대용하여 지시하는 문맥지시의 경우에 각 언어별로 어떠한 지시사가 사용되며, 어떠한 언어 요인에 의해 그 선택이 이루어지는지 구문 / 의미 / 화용적 측면에서 살펴보고자 한다. 실제 언어자료를 분석해보면 대용적 용법에 있어서 영어와 서반아어에서는 근칭 / 원칭 지시사가 직시적인 용법에서의 의미를 비교적 유지하면서 고르게 분포하는 반면, 한국어와 러시아어는 좀 더 자주 사용되는 형태와 그렇지 못한 형태의 무표 / 유표적인 분포를 보인다. 이렇듯 상이한 분포양식을 보이는 지시사 대용적 용법을 선행사와의 거리, 인지상태, 심리적 거리감, 담화구조라는 측면에서 재조명하여 비교, 대조 분석함으로써 각 언어의 지시사의 유형론적 의미를 모색한다.

• 음성과학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.71-87
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• 2004

Korean has a pair of voiceless fricatives, whose laryngeal manifestation comes in parallel to stops and affricates with a three-way lexical contrast. Prior phonetic studies by Kagaya (1974), Iverson (1983), and Kang (1999, 2000) point out /s/ is associated with multiple characteristics of the larynx shared with not only the lax but also the aspirated series, whereas /s' / carries a laryngeal distinction typical of the tense consonants. The complex dual nature of /s/ is again supported by a psycholinguistic study by Kang (2004), as /s/ was found to interact with /$c^h$/ (17% of the time) as well as /c/ (57%) in speech errors. In addition, a recent work by Cho and Lee (2003) notes an interesting chain shift case in the acquisition of the fricatives. Although they observed a significant phonological pattern between child English and Korean, Cho and Lee's description of acquiring fricatives is far from being precise from the perspective of phonetics. From a longitudinal study of recorded tapes by two children at 1;7-3;8 and 1;7-2;1 respectively, I found that /s' / was usually substituted into tense noncontinuants in young children's early production as predicted, whereas /s/ having both lax and aspirated-like glottal properties revealed a complicated pattern of substitutions into lax, tense, and aspirated noncontinuants with a varying degree of preference relative to the subjects. The current acquisition study supports the previous claims concerning fricatives in other languages, showing that their acquisition comes after stops. Besides, it also notes that Korean fricatives are subject to a series of phonological processes called stopping, affricating, tensifying and palatalizing during the transitional period of phonological development by young children. Moreover, between the two voiceless types, /s/ was acquired earlier than /s'/ as the unmarked segment.

• 정보처리학회논문지B
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• 제16B권1호
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• pp.79-84
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• 2009

이 논문은 한국어 문장을 대상으로 구문요소의 전치를 기반으로 한 문서 워터마킹 방법을 제안한다. 한국어와 같은 교착어는 구문요소의 순서가 자유롭기 때문에 구문 트리 기반의 자연어 워터마킹을 위한 좋은 환경을 제공한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 자연어 워터마킹 방법은 7단계로 구성되어 있다. 첫째, 문장의 구문분석을 수행한다. 다음으로, 구문요소가 해당 절의 범위 안에서만 전치되도록 범위를 한정하기 위하여 구문 트리로부터 각 절을 분할한다. 세 번째로, 전치를 위한 목표 구문요소를 선택한다. 네 번째, 목표 구문요소의 전치 후에도 문장의 의미나 문체의 변화가 최소화되도록 가장 자연스러운 전이위치를 결정한다. 그 후, 목표 구문요소에 대한 워터마크 비트를 삽입한다. 여섯 번째 단계로, 워터마크 비트가 목표 구문요소의 전치 방향과 상응하지 않으면 구문 트리에서 목표 구문요소를 전치한다. 마지막으로 변환된 구문 트리에서 워터마킹된 문서를 얻는다. 실험 결과를 통해 본 논문에서 제안한 방법의 적용률은 91.53%이고, 최종 워터마킹된 문장들 중 부자연스러운 문장의 비율은 23.16%로서 기존 시스템들보다 좋은 결과를 보여준다. 또한 워터마킹된 문장이 원시 문장과 같은 문체를 유지하고, 의미적인 왜곡없이 같은 정보를 나타내고 있다.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제33권
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• pp.407-459
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• 2013

The paper pragmatically analyzes ellipsis in Russian and Polish colloquial and informal texts. The famous Polish writer Sławomir $Mro{\dot{z}}ek^{\prime}s$ "Exit to the South", written in Polish and Russian is used as a material for the analysis. Russian and Polish ellipsis in colloquial and informal texts have in common that the givenness and subjecthood of the elliptical co-referent play a crucial role. However, the ellipsis in two languages also has differences in many ways. Above all, in the Polish texts of colloquial and informal style, a theme is likely to be elliptical and the coreferential relation reaches to an extra-sentential antecedent, while the ellipsis in analysed Russian texts in most cases requires coordinate, subordinate or relative clauses, and the elliptical co-referent tends to have an intra-sentential antecedent. The ellipsis of the theme-subject is unmarked in Polish, where every verbal form has an ending denoting person. Unlike formal style which often allows explicit noun subject, Polish text of colloquial and informal style prefer null form of the subject in most cases. If Polish sentences have explicit theme-subjects, they disambiguate intervening and main themes, and indicate the contrast, the focus, the introduction of new narratives or the change of speaker's point of view. Sometimes direct speeches and deictic pronouns also need explicit theme-subjects in Polish sentences. On the other hand, the ellipsis of the theme-subject is marked in Russian even in colloquial and informal texts. The theme-subject can be deleted in Russian colloquial and informal texts, if the subject is a form of the first or the second person, or if the aspect and the tense of the antecedent sentence's verb are the same as those of the given sentence's verb and both the antecedent and the coreferential word have the nominative case.

• 한국교육논총
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.183-213
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• 2022

들뢰즈와 가타리가 제기하는 느리고, 경험적인 교육은 시간 속에서 반복되는 지속을 경험해야만 가능하다. 잠재성과 현실성의 짝으로 이루어진 이 세계의 주체성은 '기계'로 표현된다. '기계'의 주체성은 생성 자체이다. 클라우드 상 어디에나 존재하면서 무의식적으로 빅데이터를 수집하는 정보사회의 주체성 또한 정보사회 자체이다. 정보사회는 개인의 욕망을 주체성의 발현에 앞서 관리하는 사회로 기울 위험을 안고 있다. '기계'는 언표적 배치와 기계적 배치로 이루어져 있다. 배치론에 입각한 사회과학은 반복되는 패턴, 언어성과 물질성의 공존, 경계에 대한 주의, 총체적 전체에 대한 부정이라는 특징을 공유한다. 시간 속에서 집합적 패턴이 구조적으로 변형되어 가는 양상을 띠는 배치의 교육학은 들뢰즈와 가타리의 본래 문제의식인 느리고, 경험적인 교육에 부합한다. 또, '교육-기계'의 물질성과 언표성을 고찰하는 작업은 탈인간 시대의 새로운 학습론, 교육론 확립에 기여할 것이다.