• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.94-102
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• 2003

A hydrologic and water quality monitoring network were established in the Balkan-reservoir watershed, which has 29.79 $km^2$ in size, to analyze the characteristics of pollutant loading from an agricultural small watershed. Soil type, land use, hydrologic soil group, population and livestock were also surveyed to make clear the pollutant sources and to calculate the pollutant loadings by the unit loading factor method which was proposed by the Ministry of Environment. From the 5-year hydrologic monitoring results, sub-watersheds located in the upstream of the reservoirs showed higher average runoff ratio. The calculated daily pollutant loadings by the unit loading factor method from HP#2 sub-watershed in the downstream of Balkan reservoir, were much greater than observed.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.51-58
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• 1989

In order to estimate unit loading factors of N, and P for controlling eutrophication of Youngsan lake. This study was performed in 4 kinds of pollutant sources from domestic sewage, industrial waste water, livestock stall waste water and drainage of agricultural area during the period from april to october 1988. These results were as follows: 1. The sewage flow for domestic waste water was 191.2 l/capita, day and that of the gray and toilet waste water among the domestic waste water were shown 152.9 l/capita, day(80%) and 38.3 l/capita, day(20%), respectively. 2. The unit loading factor total nitrogen(T-N) for domestic waste water was 7.582g/capita, day, and that of the gray and toilet waste water among the domestic waste water were 1.826g/ capita, day(24.1%) and 5.756g/capita, day(75.9%), respectively. The other hand, the unit loading factors of total phosphorus(T-P) for domestic waste water was 0.925g/capita, day, and that of gray and toilet waste water among the domestic waste water were 0.470g/capita, day(50.8%) and 0.455g/capita, day(49.2%), respectively. 3. In offering Price per million won, the T-P loading factor for drinking manufacture, confectionery manufacture, beer-manufacture and fibre manufacture in the industrial pollutant sources estimate to be 0.350g/day, 0.099g/day, 32.351g/day and 1.536g/day, while T-N loading factor about them in the industrial pollutant sources estimate to be 4.117g/day, 2.414g/day, 106.726g/day and 60.504g/day, respectively. 4. The T-P loading factor according to wash-water of milch cow and pig were 6.735g/day and 18.526g/day, in case of T-N they were 42.397g/day and 27.226g/day, respectively. 5. The T-P loading factor for pollutants drainage in the Paddy fields, fields and forests area were 0.082g/are, day, 0.014g/are, day and 0.002g/are, day, and the T-N loading factor were 0.309g/are, day, 0.158g/are, day and 0.064g/are, day, respectively. The diffrent of the loading factor for pollutants discharges in the agricultural area were resulted from the rainful intensity, the rainful, the amount of fertilization manure, and etc.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.83-86
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• 2003

To estimate the nutrient loads from an agricultural watershed, SWAT model and Unit Loading Factor method which was proposed by Ministry of Environment were applied for study watershed. The observed hydrologic and water quality data were compared with estimated methods for the Balhan HP#6 study watershed having an area of $3.86km^2$. The estimated nutrient loads were found to be similar values with the observed.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.21-36
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• 2012

In this study, the assessment of livestock manure nitrogen loading for recycling farming in Yeoju-Gun carried out comparing manure units based on the cultivation areas and the N-amount of manure that are generated from livestock manure. Manure units (MU) are used in the permitting, registration, because they allow equal standards for all animals based on manure nutrient production. An MU is calculated by multiplying the number of animals by manure unit factor for the specific type of animal. The manure unit factor for MU determination was determined by dividing amounts of manure N produced 80kg N/year. In this study, manure unit by nitrogen concentration and amount of animal manure was calculated as follows: Hanwoo multiplied by 0.36, dairy cows multiplied by 0.8. swine multiplied by 0.105. The laying hens and broilers multiplied by 0.0079, 0.0049, respectively. The analysis of liquid manure unit per ha shows that the N loading by LMU is quite different by region. When it comes to nitrogen loading, the LMU per ha of cultivated land in excess of the N-amount was the highest in the Bukne-myeon province with 2.76 MU/ha, which is higher than the appropriate level. The Ganam-myeon province came next with 2.53 LMU. To be utilized as a valid program to build the environmentally friendly agricultural system, diverse measures shall be mapped out to properly determine manure units, evaluate N-loading and to properly manage their nutrient balance of each region.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 1998

As an improvement on qualities of lives and a change in the habitual ways people eat require more water to be used for daily lives, the amount of wastewater generated from our usual lives is also expected to be in higher rate of consumption. The unit loading factor of sewage flow-rate based upon the number of people living in the apartment complexes has to be found for the design of the sewage or wastewater treatment facilities. These data are definitely thought to be useful for the plans to operate the sewage treatment facilities and for those to establish the plans toward a management of water qualities. Thus this study has shown that the data regarding the water supplies and the number of apartment residents within the 123 districts of KNHC(Korea National Housing Corporation) were collected and analyzed. One district in Seoul and the other local district were chosen an the experimental sites for th hourly, daily, weekly and seasonal measurements of the influent sewage flow-rate. The unit loading factor of influent sewage flow-rate were determined through the comparison of total sewage amount in combination with the number of people residing in two apartment complexes with supplying amount of water.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2002.10b
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• pp.857-862
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• 2002

The bogie, when run on the twist track develops the wheel off-loading factor. This will be comfirmed by testing under different loading conditions and air springs inflated and deflated in all conditions. Under the most extreme twist track condition, EMU (Electrical Multiple Unit) shall not over the wheel off-loading requirement 60% defined on UIC / ORE report. This paper describes the wheel off-loading test procedure according to UIC / ORE and test result of DMRC EMU of INDIA carried out to find out to meet the requirement defined in UIC / ORE.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2011.07a
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• pp.1212-1213
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• 2011

PWM(pulse width modulation) rectifier has unit power factor and low harmonic distortion with high power conversion efficiency in entire loading range. These merits of PWM rectifier help the spread of DC distribution system. In addition, if multiple PWM rectifiers can be operated in parallel connection, maintenance process can be simple and reliability of power source can be advanced because of the hot swapping is available. The other way, the load unbalance among rectifiers can force a converter to stop by over current. The surge current by closed circuit composition between rectifiers can force switching devices damage. In this paper, some problems that can occur in case of parallel operation of PWM rectifiers and problem eliminating methods are considered.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.7 no.1 s.13
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• pp.27-36
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• 2001

Estimation of current and future loading from watershed is necessary for the sound management of water quality of an estuary lake. Pollution sources of point and non-point source pollution were surveyed and Identified for the Koheung watershed. Unit factor method was used to estimate potential pollutant load from the watershed of current conditions. Flow rate and water qualify of base flow and storm-runoff were monitored in the main streams of the watershed. Estimation of runoff pollutant loading from the watershed into the lake in current conditions was conducted by GWLF model after calibration using observed data. Prospective pollutant loading from the reclaimed paddy fields under cultivation conditions was estimated using the modified CREAMS model. As a result, changes of pollutant loading into estuary lake according to non-cultivation and cultivation conditions of reclaimed tidal land were estimated.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.435-459
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• 2015

Parametric resonance of shear deformable composite skew plates subjected to non-uniform (parabolic) and linearly varying periodic edge loading is studied for different boundary conditions. The skew plate structural model is based on higher order shear deformation theory (HSDT), which accurately predicts the numerical results for thick skew plate. The total energy functional is derived for the skew plates from total potential energy and kinetic energy of the plate. The strain energy which is the part of total potential energy contains membrane energy, bending energy, additional bending energy due to additional change in curvature and shear energy due to shear deformation, respectively. The total energy functional is solved using Rayleigh-Ritz method in conjunction with boundary characteristics orthonormal polynomials (BCOPs) functions. The orthonormal polynomials are generated for unit square domain using Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process. Bolotin method is followed to obtain the boundaries of parametric resonance region with higher order approximation. These boundaries are traced by the periodic solution of Mathieu-Hill equations with period T and 2T. Effect of various parameters like skew angle, span-to-thickness ratio, aspect ratio, boundary conditions, static load factor on parametric resonance of skew plate have been investigated. The investigation also includes influence of different types of linearly varying loading and parabolically varying bi-axial loading.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.15-21
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop satisfaction scale of school toilet that was completed repair work and examine its validity. In order to develop general and scientific satisfaction scale, the data was collected and analyzed targeting 3,694 participants from seventy schools which were elementary, middle, and high schools participating in improvement projects of school toilet in 2015 and 2016. Satisfaction scale of seventeen items was developed by using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Total Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ of seventeen items resulted in .950. Factor loading indicated over 0.6. Factor explanation of each item showed that was relatively high. This scale can be used to research unit school satisfaction and utilized for further research. The implication of this study was a reliable and valid instrument for measuring the satisfaction of school toilet.