• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제7호
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• pp.125-163
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• 2009

The artworks of Socialist Realism of the former Soviet Union, with the beginning of the 21st century, are gaining a new attention from art collectors. One reason for this might consist in the fact that relevant art pieces exemplify the ways in which they visualize ideas on the basis of their high-profile art tradition and also in which they integrate their utopian ideals with mysticism. These aspects of the Soviet art goes far beyond the wide-spread assumption that their art, as a means of propaganda, principally represents a political allegiance to the system. With Stalin coming into power in the 1930s, the artistic trend of Socialist Realism obtained a nationwide sympathy and support from people, giving birth to a new art which essentially corresponded to the demands of the political power. An official art current of the USSR over the period from the 1930s to 1950s, Socialist Realism was in tandem with the Communist commitment to the party and popularity, symbolizing a loyalty to the cause. It was thus characterized by plainness and lucidity so that ordinary people could gain easy access to art. Its salient feature, over an entire range of art, was an optimistic pursuit of a utopian dream. Therefore, it tallied with the popular sentiment for a Communist paradise, giving form to their beliefs in human agency working at the materialist world and also to such abstract concepts as force, fitness, and beauty by adding even mythical ideals. Its main subject matter includes harvest feasts of collective farms, imaginary socialist cities, grand marches of heroic laborers and in this way it served as a propaganda for a sacred utopia of socialist totalitarianism. On the other end of the spectrum, however, rose the second camp of art, which put an emphasis on bona-fide artistic activities of plastic art and on an artist's personal expression and freedom, as opposed to the surface optimism of Socialist Realism. Central to the Russian Avant Garde art, which prized the above-mentioned values, were Malevich's Geometric Abstraction and A. Rodchenko's Constructivism. Furthermore, in the transitional era of the late 20th century and the 21st century it was recognized that film art or electronic media art, rather than traditional genre of paintings, would function as a more efficient way of propaganda. These new genres were made possible by ridiculing the stereotypes of the Russian lifestyle and also by ignoring ethical or professional dimensions of artworks. That is, they reinvented themselves into a sort of field art, seemingly degrading the quality of artworks and transforming them into artifacts or simulacres in the very sense of post-modernism. The advent of the new era brought about the formation and occupation of pop culture of the younger generations, calling into question the idea of art as the class-determined. It also increased the attention to field art, which extensively found way to modern art centers, galleries, and exhibition projects. It can be stated that this was a natural outcome of human nature.

• 한국전자거래학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.71-101
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• 2017

미국 무역위원회(United States International Trade Commission)는 불공정 무역으로 인해 무역 질서를 해치는 경우 상계 관세(Countervailing Duties)와 반덤핑 관세(Antidumping Duties) 등을 징수하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 상기 연구 목적을 달성하기 위하여 상계 관세 및 반덤핑 관세와 관련된 데이터를 수집해 양적 분석을 수행하였다. 몇 가지 데이터 마이닝(Data mining) 기법을 활용한 본 연구의 양적 분석 결과, 미국의 상계 관세 및 반덤핑 관세 부과 경향이 우리나라의 중공업 산업의 성장률에 유의한 영향을 미친다고 잠정적으로 결론 내릴 수 있었다. 본 연구의 가장 큰 기여점은 '미국의 보호주의 무역기조가 울산지역의 주력산업의 경영성과에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다'는 직관적인 명제를 과거 데이터를 가지고 객관적으로 검증해보고 그 영향 정도를 계량화해 측정할 수 있도록 한 것이라고 할 수 있다.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.68-77
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• 2008

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of movement with mobilization(MWM) and stabilization exercise on pain and range of motion of patients with acute low back pain. Methods : The subjects were consisted of 24 patients who had non specific acute low back pain. All subjects randomly assigned to the MWM group and the stabilization exercise group. The MWM group received sustained natural apophyseal glides(SNAGs) with modality treatment and stabilization exercise group received stabilization exercise with modality treatment. The remodified schober test(RST) was used to measure forward flexion and lateral flexion range of motion of lumbar segment. Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) was used to measure subjective pain level of the patients. The Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Scale was used to measure functional disability level of the patients. Results : The lumbar flexion range of motion of MWM group was significantly increased compared with stabilization exercise group(p<.01). The range of motion of lumbar segment of MWM group was significantly decreased compared with stabilization exercise group(p<.01). The left lateral flexion range of motion of lumbar of MWM group was significantly decreased compared with stabilization exercise group(p<.05). The right lateral flexion range of motion of lumbar of MWM group was significantly decreased compared with stabilization exercise group(p<.05). The VAS of both MWM group and stabilization exercise group was significantly decreased(p<.001). The Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Scale of stabilization exercise group was significantly increased compared with mobilization group(p<.001). Conclusion : In the result of this study, mobilization with movement and stabilization exercise had significant difference on pain and flexibility of patients with acute low back pain.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2018

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Jeopgolsan (JGS) extract on anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory activities in RAW 264.7 cells and on factors related with fracture healing in skull fractured rat. Methods Experimental animals were divided into four groups: normal group without any treatment (Normal), contral group were treated orally with distilled water (Control), Experimental group were treated orally with JGS at a concentration of 200 mg/kg/day (JGS 200) and Experimental group were treated orally with JGS at a concentration of 200 mg/kg/day (JGS 400). Rats in each group except the normal group were induced fractures in the skull. The 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity were measured to evaluate antioxidant activity. The production of nitric oxide (NO), $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) in the RAW 264.7 cells were measured to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity. The production of osteocalcin calcitonin, carboxy-terminal telepeptides of type II collagen (CTX II), transforming growth $factor-{\beta}$ ($TGF-{\beta}$), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), Insulin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum of rats were measured to evaluate the effects of fracture healing at 0, 2, 4, and 6th week. X-rays were taken every 3 week from 0 to 6th week to evaluate fracture healing effect. Results 1. No cytotoxicity was observed. 2. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity were increased in a concentration dependent manner, indicating anti-oxidant effect. 3. NO, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ were not significantly changed, indicating no anti-inflammatory effect. 4. Osteocalcin, Calcitonin, $TGF-{\beta}$ and ALP were significantly increased in the experimental groups. 5. CTX II, insulin were significantly decreased in the expermental groups. 6. Radiologic examination showed that union of fracture was promoted. Conclusions From above results, JGS showed significant results in factors related with fracture healing and radiologic examination. Threfore, JGS is expected to be effective in the treatment of fracture.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.412-418
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• 2010

Objective : To evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of lumbar interbody fusion and its correlation with various factors (e.g., age, comorbidities, fusion level, bone quality) in patients over and under 65 years of age who underwent lumbar fusion surgery for degenerative lumbar disease. Methods : One-hundred-thirty-three patients with lumbar degenerative disease underwent lumbar fusion surgery between June 2006 and June 2007 and were followed for more than one year. Forty-eight (361%) were older than 65 years of age (group A) and 85 (63.9%) were under 65 years of age (group B). Diagnosis, comorbidities, length of hospital stay, and perioperative complications were recorded. The analysis of clinical outcomes was based on the visual analogue scale (VAS). Radiological results were evaluated using plain radiographs. Clinical outcomes, radiological outcomes, length of hospital stay, and complication rates were analyzed in relation to lumbar fusion level, the number of comorbidities, bone mineral density (BMD), and age. Results : The mean age of the patients was 61.2 years (range, 33-86 years) and the mean BMD was -2.2 (range, -4.8 to -2.8). The mean length of hospital stay was 15.0 days (range, 5-60 days) and the mean follow-up was 23.0 months (range, 18-30 months). Eighty-five (64.0%) patients had more than one preoperative comorbidities. Perioperative complications occurred in 27 of 133 patients (20.3%). The incidence of overall complication was 22.9% in group A, and 18.8% in group B but there was no statistical difference between the two groups. The mean VAS scores for the back and leg were significantly decreased in both groups (p < 0.05), and bony fusion was achieved in 125 of 133 patients (94.0%). There was no significant difference in bony union rates between groups A and B (91.7% in group A vs. 95.3% in group B, p = 0.398). In group A. perioperative complications were more common with the increase in fusion level (p = 0.027). Perioperative complications in both groups A (p = 0.035) and B (p = 0.044) increased with an increasing number of comorbidities. Conclusion : Elderly patients with comorbidities are at a high risk for complications and adverse outcomes after lumbar spine surgery. In our study, clinical outcomes, fusion rates, and perioperative complication rates in older patients were comparable with those in younger populations. The number of comorbidities and the extent of fusion level were significant factors in predicting the occurrence of postoperative complications. However, proper perioperative general supportive care with a thorough fusion strategy during the operation could improve the overall postoperative outcomes in lumbar fusion surgery for elderly patients.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.363-367
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• 2016

Objective : To compare the fusion rate of a hydroxyapatite demineralized bone matrix (DBM) with post-laminectomy acquired autograft in lumbar interbody fusion surgery and to evaluate the correlation between fusion rate and clinical outcome. Methods : From January 2013 to April 2014, 98 patients underwent lumbar interbody fusion surgery with hydroxyapatite DBM (HA-DBM group) in our institute. Of those patients, 65 received complete CT scans for 12 months postoperatively in order to evaluate fusion status. For comparison with autograft, we selected another 65 patients who underwent lumbar interbody fusion surgery with post-laminectomy acquired autograft (Autograft group) during the same period. Both fusion material groups were matched in terms of age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and bone mineral density (BMD). To evaluate the clinical outcomes, we analyzed the results of visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Results : We reviewed the CT scans of 149 fusion levels in 130 patients (HA-DBM group, 75 levels/65 patients; Autograft group, 74 levels/65 patients). Age, sex, BMI, and BMD were not significantly different between the groups (p=0.528, p=0.848, p=0.527, and p=0.610, respectively). The HA-DBM group showed 39 of 75 fused levels (52%), and the Autograft group showed 46 of 74 fused levels (62.2%). This difference was not statistically significant (p=0.21). In the HA-DBM group, older age and low BMD were significantly associated with non-fusion (61.24 vs. 66.68, p=0.027; -1.63 vs. -2.29, p=0.015, respectively). VAS and ODI showed significant improvement after surgery when fusion was successfully achieved in both groups (p=0.004, p=0.002, HA-DBM group; p=0.012, p=0.03, Autograft group). Conclusion : The fusion rates of the hydroxyapatite DBM and Autograft groups were not significantly different. In addition, clinical outcomes were similar between the groups. However, older age and low BMD are risk factors that might induce non-union after surgery with hydroxyapatite DBM.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.511-516
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• 2006

본 논문은 개선된 Anti-cloche filter를 사용하는 SECAM video encoder와 오차가 없는 제곱근기와 BPF를 사용하는 SECAM video decoder를 제안하고자 한다. SECAM video encoder는 ITU-R BT.470에 의해 지정된 Anti-cloche filter를 사용하지만, Anti-cloche filter가 가지는 특성이 주파수에 따라 매우 급격히 변하기 때문에 디지털회로의 설계에 적용하기가 어렵다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서 본 논문에서는 Anti-cloche filter의 주파수 특성이 좌우대칭이라는 점을 이용하여서 좌우대칭의 중심이 되는 주파수인 4.286MHz를 0MHz로 이동하여 Anti-cloche filter를 High Pass Filter(HPF)로 변환한다. 변환된 HPF는 Anti-cloche filter에 비해 구조가 간단하기 때문에 설계가 비교적 용이하다. 또한 본 논문에서 제시한 SECAM video decoder는 주파수 변조된 신호로부터 색차신호(Db, Dr)를 복원하기 위해서 오차가 없는 제곱근기와 두 개의 미분기 그리고 삼각함수를 이용하여 색상신호의 잡음을 제거하고 CVBS(Composite Video Baseband Signal)로부터 색상신호와 밝기신호를 분리하기 위해서 BPF를 사용한다. 제안된 시스템은 Altera FPGA인 APEX20KE EP20K1000EBC652-3와 TV를 이용하여 실시간 검증을 수행하였다.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2017

최근 불확실한 금융환경변화로 금융기관의 경쟁이 심화함에 따라 고객의 요구(needs)를 충족시키기 위해 지역 금융기관 또한 주민의 요구에 맞는 서비스 제공 등 다양한 노력을 하고 있다. 본 연구는 지역 금융기관의 상품 및 서비스품질 요인이 고객 만족과 충성도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 살펴보고 제공된 상품 및 서비스품질 요인을 비교 분석하여 각 서비스요인의 상대적인 중요도를 살펴보았다. 표본은 2015년 10월 7일부터 10월 30일까지 서울지역의 새마을금고 및 신용협동조합에 방문고객을 대상으로 설문조사를 하였으며 표본을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 지역 금융기관 상품요인 중 금리, 공제와 보험, 복지사업이 고객의 만족 수준에 유의한 영향을 미쳤으며 서비스 품질요인 중에는 접근성, 전문성 및 공감 성이 만족 수준에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 다음으로, 고객만족도는 고객 충성도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 지역주민에게 금융 편의를 제공하면서 지역경제에 기여하는 지역 금융기관의 특성상 금리나 전문성 요인 이외에 공제와 보험 및 복지사업 그리고 공감성이 중요한 요인으로 분석된다. 본 연구는 지역 금융기관의 차별화된 이미지로 금융경쟁 시장에서 경쟁 우위를 가질 수 있다는 시사점을 제시하고 있다.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.5-9
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• 2008

Researchers have investigated many upper bound techniques applicable to error probabilities on the maximum likelihood (ML) decoding performance of turbo-like codes and low density parity check (LDPC) codes in recent years for a long codeword block size. This is because it is trivial for a short codeword block size. Previous research efforts, such as the simple bound technique [20] recently proposed, developed upper bounds for LDPC codes and turbo-like codes using ensemble codes or the uniformly interleaved assumption. This assumption bounds the performance averaged over all ensemble codes or all interleavers. Another previous research effort [21] obtained the upper bound of turbo-like code with a particular interleaver using a truncated union bound which requires information of the minimum Hamming distance and the number of codewords with the minimum Hamming distance. However, it gives the reliable bound only in the region of the error floor where the minimum Hamming distance is dominant, i.e., in the region of high signal-to-noise ratios. Therefore, currently an upper bound on ML decoding performance for turbo-like code with a particular interleaver and LDPC code with a particular parity check matrix cannot be calculated because of heavy complexity so that only average bounds for ensemble codes can be obtained using a uniform interleaver assumption. In this paper, we propose a new bound technique on ML decoding performance for turbo-like code with a particular interleaver and LDPC code with a particular parity check matrix using ML estimated weight distributions and we also show that the practical iterative decoding performance is approximately suboptimal in ML sense because the simulation performance of iterative decoding is worse than the proposed upper bound and no wonder, even worse than ML decoding performance. In order to show this point, we compare the simulation results with the proposed upper bound and previous bounds. The proposed bound technique is based on the simple bound with an approximate weight distribution including several exact smallest distance terms, not with the ensemble distribution or the uniform interleaver assumption. This technique also shows a tighter upper bound than any other previous bound techniques for turbo-like code with a particular interleaver and LDPC code with a particular parity check matrix.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.339-350
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• 2011

본 연구는 2,500여개 제조업체를 대상으로 우리나라 중소제조업의 혁신활동과 성과를 유형화하고 그 차이를 분석함으로써 중소기업의 혁신성과와 그 원인을 밝히고, 개별기업의 혁신활동을 분석함에 있어서 정보네트워크의 활용 정도를 살펴봄으로써 최근 정부가 강조하고 있는 개방형 기술혁신의 적용 가능성을 탐색하고자 하였다. 연구결과는 첫째, 기업의 혁신역량과 활동이 연구개발 활동의 성과인 특허출원 경향과 매출액 그리고 유형별 혁신성과를 설명하는데 있어 유의함을 확인할 수 있었다. 특허출원의 경우, 주력제품의 평균수명이 짧고 연구개발 전담인력 비율이 높을수록 중기업의 특허출원 경향이 높아지는 것으로 나타났으며, 중기업 및 소기업은 대학과 정부출연연 및 국립연구소의 정보원천이 각각 특허출원을 높이는 성향을 보여주고 있다. 매출액 효과는 대기업과 중기업에서는 연구소가 설립되어 있고 대기업에서는 주력 제품의 평균수명이 긴 경우 매출액이 증가 하였고. 노동조합의 존재는 매출액에 부(-)의 효과를 가졌다. 둘째, 기업이 혁신활동에서 채택한 정보원천의 유형은 기업의 혁신활동 및 목적과도 연결되어 있음을 확인하였다. 마지막으로, 제품혁신활동, 공정혁신활동, 조직혁신활동, 마케팅혁신활동 등 혁신성과는 혁신활동과 서로 연계성이 높았다.