• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.129-136
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• 2006

Although cleaner and cheaper deinking of ONP could be performed at the neutral or low alkaline condition excessive loss from froth-flotation is unavoidable and so reduction of alkali or caustic soda dosage sacrifices recycling yield. Now the new trade-off regarding alkali dosage versus flotation yield is urgently required in order to set the optimized neutral or low alkaline deinking process of ONP. Lipase from Thermomyces Lanuginosus has an effect on desizing and deacetylation reaction and it could be applied to the stock of pre flotation secondary stage in order to reduce the flotation reject without the sacrifice of optical properties of flotation accepts. Instead of inorganic base, lipase could be applied as a biochemical catalyst for the selective modification of valuable hydrophobic particles in deinking stock, for example cellulose fines and inorganic fillers covered by hydrophobic additives or contaminants. When the enzymatic hydrolysis of ester bond could be made on the surface of hydrophobic particulates, unwanted float of fine particles could be prevented. Now the enhancement of flotation selectivity or the modification of the hydrophobicity of deinking stock is expected to be promoted by the enzymatic pre treatment. And the reduction of recycling cost with the saves of raw material, recovered paper would be possible as a result.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.73-77
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• 2009

Contaminative artifacts such as carbonaceous materials on carbon-coated microgrids are unavoidable, which is induced by electron beam exposure inside electron microscopes. This phenomenon raise a source to produce confusing information to the samples investigated by analytical TEM, which should be alleviated as much as possible. As experimental precautions for reducing this unwanted effect, the use of $LN_2$ cooled anti-contaminator and pre-illumination of electron beam at low magnification can be helpful. Nevertheless, we should be cautious to set an illumination condition for microanalysis because the contaminative effect is dependent with the types of irradiation situations, which is well known to be a decisive factor for causing the carbonaceous artifacts. Accordingly, it is necessary that optimal illumination to minimize the contaminative effect should be selected for improving the accuracy of microanalysis. In this paper, we introduce the practical method to determine the optimal illumination condition by evaluating the contaminative effect as a function of instrumental spot size, which is directly linked with electron current density.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.154-173
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• 2010

Database outsourcing is unavoidable in the near future. In the scenario of data stream outsourcing, the data owner continuously publishes the latest data and associated authentication information through a service provider. Clients may register queries to the service provider and verify the result's correctness, utilizing the additional authentication information. Research on On-line Stream Analytics (OLSA) is motivated by extending the data cube technology for higher multi-level abstraction on the low-level-abstracted data streams. Existing work on OLSA fails to consider the issue of database outsourcing, while previous work on stream authentication does not support OLSA. To close this gap and solve the problem of OLSA query authentication while outsourcing data streams, we propose MDAHRB and MDAHB, two multi-dimensional authentication approaches. They are based on the general data model for OLSA, the stream cube. First, we improve the data structure of the H-tree, which is used to store the stream cube. Then, we design and implement two authentication schemes based on the improved H-trees, the HRB- and HB-trees, in accordance with the main stream query authentication framework for database outsourcing. Along with a cost models analysis, consistent with state-of-the-art cost metrics, an experimental evaluation is performed on a real data set. It exhibits that both MDAHRB and MDAHB are feasible for authenticating OLSA queries, while MDAHRB is more scalable.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.157-166
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• 1995

To investigate walkability of ramps, walking patterns of 18 healthy adults,12 aged 20 to 26 and 6 aged 68 to 76,were studied at free,rhythm constrained walking up or down ramp using goniometer and footswitch Ramp inclinations were set 4,8,12,16,20 degrees. The results were as follows. 1)The step length of subjects were decreased significantly in12$^{\circ}C$′or 16′free downramp walking. With regard to step length, some subject groups walked abnormally in 16" or 20" ramp walking 2) The step width of subjects were increased significantly in 12" or 16" ramp walking. 3) The cadence duration of some subject groups were increased in 12" upramp walking. 4) The double stance duration and double stance ratio of some subject groups were increased significantly in 8",12", or 16"upramp walking. 5) The maximum knee flexion angle of stance phase were increased in 12" ramp walking. 6)Most temporal parameters and spatial parameters of gait were increased or decreassd greatly between 4" ramp and 8" ramp or between 8′ramp and 12′ramp. But statistics significancy were not recognized 7) The results suggest that ramp inclination less than 8′(14%) -12′(21%) is desirable for the normal gait the ramp inclination must not exceed 16" -20" in unavoidable circumstances.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.10
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• pp.47-56
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• 2021

It is unavoidable for businesses, especially commercial banks, to compete with other firms and financial institutions in a globalized and internationalized world. Basel I, II, and III were developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision with the primary purpose of supporting banks in dealing with potential risks and enhancing their ability to absorb losses. Basel II and III require the minimum capital adequacy ratio (CAR) of 8% and 10.5%, respectively. This paper estimates the optimal CAR of 26 commercial banks in Vietnam from 2016 to 2020 using the two-stage DEA method. According to the empirical findings, banks with ideal CARs exceeding 8% (as defined by Basel II) and 10.5 percent (as defined by Basel III) account for approximately 98 percent and 88 percent of all banks, respectively. Furthermore, 75.83 percent of all banks need to boost their existing CAR to achieve the optimal level of CAR as well as obtain the best performance. On average, the optimal CAR of state-owned banks is higher than other joint-stock banks, respectively 26 percent and 19 percent. Consequently, it is recommended for Vietnam commercial banks to reach optimal CAR and comply with the new policy set by Basel III with the purpose of approaching the efficient frontier.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.168-180
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• 2022

The IMO has decided to proceed with the early introduction of EEDI Phase 3, a CO₂ emission regulation to prevent global warming. Measures to reduce CO₂ emissions for ships that can be applied immediately are required to achieve CO₂ reduction. We set six different CO₂ emission scenarios according to the type of ship and fuel, and designed a monoethanolamine-based CO₂ capture process for ships using a rate-based model of Aspen Plus v10. The simulation model using Aspen Plus was validated using pilot plant operation data. A ship inevitably tilts during operation, and the performance of a tilted column decreases as its height increases. When configuring the conventional CO₂ capture process, we considered that the required column heights were so high that performance degradation was unavoidable when the process was implemented on a ship. We applied a parallel column concept to lower the column height and to enable easy installation and operation on a ship. Simulations of the parallel column confirmed that the required column height was lowered to less than 3 TEU (7.8 m).

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 2023

The purpose of this paper is to develop a scalable grey predictive controller with unavoidable random delays. Grey prediction is proposed to solve problems caused by incorrect parameter selection and to eliminate the effects of dynamic coupling between degrees of freedom (DOFs) in nonlinear systems. To address the stability problem, this study develops an improved gray-predictive adaptive fuzzy controller, which can not only solve the implementation problem by determining the stability of the system, but also apply the Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) law to calculate Fuzzy change parameters. Fuzzy logic controllers manipulate robotic systems to improve their control performance. The stability is proved using Lyapunov stability theorem. In this article, the authors compare different controllers and the proposed predictive controller can significantly reduce the vibration of offshore platforms while keeping the required control force within an ideal small range. This paper presents a robust fuzzy control design that uses a model-based approach to overcome the effects of modeling errors. To guarantee the asymptotic stability of large nonlinear systems with multiple lags, the stability criterion is derived from the direct Lyapunov method. Based on this criterion and a distributed control system, a set of model-based fuzzy controllers is synthesized to stabilize large-scale nonlinear systems with multiple delays.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.393-403
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• 2019

Objective: Sliding mechanics using orthodontic miniscrews is widely used to stabilize the anchorage during extraction space closure. However, previous studies have reported that both posterior segment displacement and anterior segment displacement are possible, depending on the mechanical properties of the archwire. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of archwire stiffness and friction change on the displacement pattern of the maxillary posterior segment during anterior segment retraction with orthodontic miniscrews in sliding mechanics. Methods: A three-dimensional finite element model was constructed. The retraction point was set at the archwire level between the lateral incisor and canine, and the orthodontic miniscrew was located at a height of 8 mm from the archwire between the second premolar and first molar. Archwire stiffness was simulated with rectangular stainless steel wires and a rigid body was used as a control. Various friction levels were set for the surface contact model. Displacement patterns for the posterior and anterior segments were compared between the conditions. Results: Both the anterior and posterior segments exhibited backward rotation, regardless of archwire stiffness or friction. Among the conditions tested in this study, the least undesirable rotation was found with low archwire stiffness and low friction. Conclusions: Posterior segment displacement may be unavoidable but reducing the stiffness and friction of the main archwire may minimize unwanted rotations during extraction space closure.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.492-497
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• 2005

In establishing legal limits of pesticide residues, various default values are employed to compensate for unavoidable variability in data. Because permissible errors in residue analysis reach ${\pm}30-40%$ RSD, maximum residue limits (MRLs) follow geometric progression. According to 5-yr period JMPR reports, variability factor (ratio of highest to median values) in field residue trials was 3.8-fold in 486 crop-pesticide combinations and round-up effort from highest residue to MRL was 1.5-fold, whereas regulatory margin (ratio of MRL to highest residue) used in Korea was 4.8-fold in 822 crop-pesticide combinations; Korean MRLs will be set at higher levels as compared with Codex limits if these margins are employed. Validation studies to compare and harmonize Korean and Codex MRLs of pesticide residues on food crops should be undertaken.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.561-571
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• 2005

To introduce an emissions trading system for GHG that currently have no reduction requirements, the following should be considered as priorities: eliciting the participation of the industrial sector and linking GHG emission trading systems to the emissions trading system (implemented from July 2007) that has become part of national policy with the enactment of the Special Act. Two directions can serve as viable alternatives in that regard. One is a baseline-and-credit method based on incentive auctioning. This has the advantage of inducing participation through economic incentives without a reductions commitment. The downside of this method is that it requires vast investments, as well as the fact that reaching an agreement between participants and the government to decide an objective baseline is difficult. On the other hand, the cap-and-trade method set forth in the Special Act is attractive in that it can be integrated with the air pollutant emissions trading system, but it would be difficult to elicit the participation of the industrial sector in the absence of GHG emission reduction requirements. In the current situation, it would be preferable for the government to induce the participation of the industrial sector by devising a wide variety of incentives because taking part in the emissions trading system before reducing GHG emissions offers large incentives through learning by doing. The timing of GHG reduction commitments and emissions trading system implementation may be uncertain but their Implementation will be unavoidable. Thus the government needs to facilitate preparations for emissions trading of GHG in the future and continuously review its operation in integration with the air pollutant emissions trading system to maximize adaptation and teaming by doing effect in the industrial sector.