• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.176-181
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• 2008

Fluid accumulation within the tympanic bulla is an important diagnostic indicator of canine otitis media although its identification can be a challenge using currently available imaging techniques. The purpose of this study was to compare radiography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the identification of fluid accumulation within canine tympanic bulla. Unilateral tympanic bulla in 10 beagles were experimentally filled with blood or saline. Quantitative analysis of CT images were obtained by using Hounsfield unit (HU). MR signal intensity was obtained by using region of interesting (ROI) and compared with those of gray matter. On the CT image, the presence of blood or saline produced a fluid opacity occupying the tympanic bulla. On the MR image, the appearance of blood in the tympanic bulla was isointense in T1-weighted images and hyperintense in T2-weighted images. However, the appearance of saline in the tympanic bulla was hypointense in T1-weighted images and hyperintense in T2-weighted images. This study suggest that CT and MR imaging are useful methods for detection and differentiation of fluid in canine tympanic bulla.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.97-101
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• 2004

This study was aimed for ultrasonographic assessment of the tympanic membrane and the tympanic bulla in five healthy Beagle dogs. To improve an ultrasonographic image, the ear canal was filled with warm saline, and an 11 MHz linear probe and a 6.5 MHz convex probe were used. The structures of ear component such as ear canal, ear cartilage and tympanic membrane were easily identified. Especially, tympanic membrane was presented as a reflaction surface which was resulted from the different acoustic impedence between the fluid-filled anechoic ear canal and the gas-filled hyperechoic tympanic cavity in normal dogs. In five left-side ears, the saline was infused into the external ear canal after the tympanic membrane had been ruptured experimentally. Both anechoic fluid-filled ear canal and tympanic cavity were clearly identified. In five right-side ears, the surgically fluid-filled tympanic cavity was imaged as a hypoechoic oval shaped structure. When tympanic cavity and ear canal have been contained with fluid, it was difficult to identify whether the tympanic membrane was ruptured or not. For assessment of the ear structure with ultrasonography, the 11 MHz linear probe was considered as an optimal equipment for a serial assessment of ear canal, tympanic membrane and tympanic bulla whereas the 6.5 MHz convex probe was suitable to assess the tympanic cavity. The results suggest that ultrasonography with saline infusion into the ear canal can be used to find the intactness of the tympanic membrane and to assess the fluid- filld tympanic bulla.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.159-162
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• 2021

A 5-year-old, intact male, poodle dog with right external auditory canal obstruction and subaural mass was presented. Physical examination revealed that right external auditory canal opening was absent and right head tilt was identified. Aspiration in right subaural mass revealed a small amount of dark brown exudate. Streptococcus canis and Staphylococcus spp. were identified on the microbial culture. Radiography of the skull was revealed absence of air-filled ear canal at the right external ear canal (EEC) level. Computed tomography (CT) revealed well capsulated, hypoattenuated mass in the right EEC region. On the contrast enhanced CT images, rim enhancement around the mass and ear canal obstruction were identified. Fluid attenuated material filled with right bulla. Mild thickening of the right tympanic bulla wall with mild lytic lesion of the ventral wall were found. Based on the images findings, the case was tentatively diagnosed as right external auditory canal atresia with otitis media. Total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy was performed. The entire ear canal was removed, numerous hair in the canal and the thickening wall were founded. Right ear canal was sent for histopathological evaluation and found to otitis externa. The patient was followed up for two weeks and there were no complications. This report described the CT diagnosis of right EEC atresia with otitis media rarely reported in small breed dogs.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2003

The clinical results of 10 consecutive total ear canal ablation combined with lateral bulla osteotomy (TECA-LBO) in six dogs with chronic otitis externa and media were evaluated by the postoperative recovery and long-term follow-up. All dogs were selected for TECA-LBO on the basis of following five clinical symptoms. First, medical treatment couldnt improve clinical signs at least for eve. 2 months. Second, tympanic membrane was completely disappeared. Third, radiopacity was increased in tympanic cavity. Forth, petrous temporal bone was sclerosed. Fifth, ear canal calcification was progressed. And all cases were satisfied all five clinical symptoms. At 14. days after operation, the preoperative symptoms of chronic otitis externa and media which were scratching ear, pain, and hardening ear canal were resolved, and postoperative swelling, erythema, head tilt, and exudate from Penrose drainage were not existed In all cases. Loss of eye blink was happened in 4 cases, but these were disappeared between 14 days a(ter operation except one case on 3 months. All dogs were discharged form hospital at 14 days after operation. Between 3.5 and 6.5 months after discharging from hospital, para-aural abscessation was happened only in all Cocker spaniels. But this complication was solved by ventral bulla osteotomy (VBO). The dogs which didn't show para-aural abscessation after TECA-LBO didn't show scratching, pain, hardening of ear and hearing ability was improved, at 7.5 months after TECA-LBO. And the dogs which showed para-aural abscessation after TECA-LBO also didn't show scratching, pain, hardening of ear and hearing ability was also improved, at 7.5 months after VBO. In conclusion, After TECA-LBO, all dogs were recovered well without complication within 2 weeks except Cocker spaniel. And loss of eye blink can be cured naturally within 2 weeks after surgery. And para-aural abscessation can be happened between 4 and 7 months after TECA-LBO, so surgeon must follow-up until 8 months.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1982.05a
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• pp.19-19
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• 1982

Pathogenesis of otitis media was studied in an animal model of rats from a histopathological and biochemical point of view. Basic anatomical outline, and distribution and type of normal epithelial cells of the rat bulla were described as a background study. Pseudomonas otitis media was developed in rats by inoculating $10^{9}$ bacteria into the tympanic bulla. Histopathologic change of the mucoperiosteal layer showed acute stage of infection from 3 days to 3 weeks, and it became chronic after 4 weeks animals through 12 weeks. Enzyme profile in the extracts of the inflammatory middle ear tissue was studied. The levels of three enzymes, PZ-peptidase, LDH, and lysozyme were much higher in the middle ear tissue than in the corresponding sera as might be expected. Tissue/serum ratios of the enzyme activities were 13-38 for PZ-peptidase, 63-177 for LDH, and 18-94 for lysozyme. Possible role of the PZ-peptidase and possible origins of the three enzymes detected in the tissue were discussed.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.340-343
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• 2006

A 10-year-old, intact female Beagle dog was presented for examination of acute onset of right-sided head tilt and moderate ataxia. Clinical signs were acutely presented 12 days ago and had been progressively alleviated until the admission day. The dog was bright, alert, and responsive. On neurological examinations, mild head tilt to the right and mild ataxia were noted, thus vestibular disorders were suspected. Central vestibular disease was ruled out based on the clinical signs, magnetic resonance imaging(MRI), and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) analysis. Otoscopic examination showed that the tympanic membranes were intact and normal in appearance. On radiographic and MR examinations, abnormalities were not found in the tympanic bulla and the petrous portion of the temporal bone. Hypothyroidism was ruled out by thyroid-stimulation hormone(TSH) stimulation test. Clinical signs were completely disappeared at 2 weeks after discharge without any therapy. Thus, the dog was definitively diagnosed as idiopathic vestibular disease based on the clinical signs, excluding other causes of vestibular dysfunction, and the alleviation of clinical signs with time.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.667-672
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• 2007

This report describes the use of conventional computed tomography(CT) for the diagnosis of head trauma in three canine patients. According to physical and neurologic examinations, survey radiography and computed tomography, these patients were diagnosed as traumatic brain injury. Especially, CT is the imaging modality of first choice for head trauma patients. It provides rapid acquisition of images, superior bone detail, and better visualization of acute hemorrhage than magnetic resonance imaging. It is also less expensive and more readily available. Pre-contrast computed tomography was used to image the head. Then, post-contrast CT was performed using the same technique. The Modified Glasgow Coma Scale(MGCS) score was used to predict their probability of survival rate after head trauma in these dogs. Computed tomogram showed fluid filled tympanic bulla, fracture of the left temporal bone and cerebral parenchymal hemorrhage with post contrast ring enhancement. However, in one case, computed tomographic examination didn't delineate cerebellar parenchymal hemorrhage, which was found at postmortem examination. Treatments for patients placed in intensive care were focused to maintain cerebral perfusion pressure and to normalize intracranial pressure. In these cases, diagnostic computed tomography was a useful procedure. It revealed accurate location of the hemorrhage lesion.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.438-441
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• 2011

A 7-year-old castrated, domestic shorthair cat was presented with a 2-year history of chronic nasal discharge and sneezing. Upon presentation, bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge and stertorous respiration were marked. Physical examination revealed a tachypnea. Oral examination was unremarkable and chest radiology was normal. Findings of nasal cytology and skull radiology were not specific and further imaging technique, endoscopic examination and histopathology was performed for a definite diagnosis. Fluid, and/or soft tissue opacity was found in bilateral nasal cavity, nasopharyngeal regions and right side tympanic bulla through the CT scan. No evidence of neoplasia was revealed. A rigid rhinoscopy, flexible bronchoscopy and otoscopy was used for the visualization of the lesions and tissue biopsy biopsy was performed for histopathology. On histopathological examination, the nasal mass consisted mainly of large numbers of plasma cells and lymphocytes. And the final diagnosis was lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis based on histopathologic examination. Long term management with oral cyclosporine (5 mg/kg, BID) was safe and successful in this cat. This is the first case report described clinical and diagnostic characteristic features of feline lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis and its clinical outcome using oral cyclosporine in Korea.