• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.276-287
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• 2004

Purpose: This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of foot reflexo-massage on physical, psychological, and physiological parameters in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Method: This study was employed non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest time series experimental design. The subjects of this study were 47 elderly patients with osteoarthritis of the knee from two different nursing homes in Deajeon. The patients were divided into two groups; 26 patients in experimental group, the rest in control group. Each patient in experimental group received the 30-minute foot reflexo-massage, 3 times per week for 4 weeks. The dependent variables of each patient were measured before treatment, after 2 weeks and after 4 weeks during the treatment session. The collected data was analyzed using the Social Package Social Science(version 10.0) software program. Result: There were significant differences in the flexion angle of both knees; the flexion and extension muscle strength of both knees; systolic blood pressure; POMS; plantaris skin temperature and blood velocity of dorsalis pedis artery between the two groups over different the three measurement times. Conclusion: The results suggest that foot reflexo-massage could be an effective intervention to improve physical, psychological and physiological parameters for patients with knee osteoarthritis.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.138-144
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• 1999

Recent studies have suggested that Panax ginseng saponins may stimulate pancreaticobiliary secretion. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the alterations in pancreaticobiliary function associated with ginseng saponins remain uncertain. We studied the effects of ginseng saponins and devazepide, cholecys-tokinin receptor antagonist, on pancreaticobiliary secretion in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The saponins tested were crude saponin (TS) and panaxatriol saponin (PTS). After single or two weeks administration of saponins, pancreaticobiliary juice of rats was collected for 8hrs. Single administration of TS and PTS did not change the volume of pancreaticobiliary juice compared with control group. In contrast, the pretreatment of devazepide significantly increased the volume of pancreaticobiliary juice. The amylase activity was significantly increased by acute TS treatment, but this increase was inhibited by devazepide pretreatment. In animals with two weeks administration of TS and PTS, the volume of pancreaticobiliary juice was not increased as compared to the control group. However, the volume of pancreaticobiliary juice was significantly increased by devazepide treatment. The amylase activity was significantly increased by two weeks administration TS and PTS respectively. This increase was inhibited by devazepide treatment. Our findings suggest that ginseng saponins, especially panaxatriol, increase the amylase activity in pancreaticobiliary juice, and this is, in part, caused by release of endogenous cholecystokinin.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.24-32
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• 2008

Artificial brown-rot decay was induced to two wood species, Pinus densiflora and Pinus radiata. A modified direct inoculation method was used and the decay indicators of mass loss and two compressive mechanical properties, maximum compressive strength (MCS) and compressive stiffness, were estimated over the period of 8 weeks of fungal exposure. Measurable mass loss occurred 2 weeks after the fungal attack, with 15% to 22% of the loss occurring 8 weeks after fungal exposure with Fornitopsis palustris and Gloeophyllurn trabeurn. Mechanical properties proved to be far more sensitive than mass loss detection: approximately five to six times by quantity. Of the two mechanical properties, MCS was more sensitive to and consistent with progressive brown-rot decay. An ultrasonic test was performed to determine the feasibility and accuracy of this method for nondestructive detection of brown-rot decay. The ultrasonic test is highly sensitive at qualitative detection of the early stages of brown-rot decay.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.72-82
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• 1978

This study was undertaken establish the relationship between trypsin inhibitor in raw soybean and antinutritional effect of raw legumes. 1) Among legumes produced in Korea, Glycine max contains a relatively high amount of protein(higher than 40%) compared with kindey bean, sword bean and mung bean and, furthermore, soybean which contains a high amount of protein possesses high trypsin inhibitory activity. 2) Disc electrophoretic pattern exhibited pattern exhibited that the crude protein preparation from Glycine max produced about 9-12 protein bands, and the pattern of electrophoretic mobility was very similar to each other. However, only a few protein bands were observed from the crude protein preparation of yard long bean, sword bean, adzuki bean, mung bean and rice adzuki. From the eluate of the sliced gel, it was confirmed that among those bands, only the fastest moving band contains trypsin inhibitory activity. 3) In chicks fed the normal diet the body weight was increased steady from one week and reached to 40% increase for three weeks but in chick fed raw bean diet, there was no body weight gain until two weeks feeding and only 10-20% of body weight gain was observed at the end of three week feeding. On the other hand, in chicks fed raw bean diet the weight of pancreatic tissue per 100g body weight was increased to about two-fold for two or three weeks but there was no change in liver weight. 4) In the case of amylase secretion from the pancreatic fragment, very strong stimulation on amylase secretion from pancreatic tissue of chicks fed a normal diet was produced by one unit of cholecystokin-pancreozymin. However, no stimulation was observed from pancreatic fragment of chick fed raw bean diet.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.276-284
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of calcium and vitamin D to the titanium implant osseointegration in the osteoporosisinduced animal model. Material and method: Thirty-two rats, 10 weeks of age, were divided into two groups: experimental group was ingested additional calcium and vitamin D, and a control group was not. Titanium screw implant(diameter, 2.0 mm; length, 3.5 mm; pitch-height 0.4 mm) were placed into tibia of 32 rats, 16 in the control group and 16 in the experimental group. The rats were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after implantation for histopathologic examination, histomorphometric analysis and immunohistochemistry with fibronectin and collagen type I antibody. Result: In histopathological findings, newly formed bone was seen at 2 weeks and became lamellar bone at 4 weeks, and mature trabecullar bone was seen at 8 weeks in experimental group. In control group, thickness of regenerated bone increased till 4 weeks gradually and trabecullar bone was seen at 8 weeks. In histomorphometric analysis, marrow bone density increased significantly in experimental group compared to control group. Fibronectin immunoreactivity was strong at 2 weeks in experimental group and reduced after 4 weeks gradually. But it was maintained continuously from 2 to 8 weeks in control group. Collagen type I immunoreactivity was very strong from 2 to 4 week in experimental group. And the amount of Collagen type I expression was more abundant in experimental group. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that calcium and vitamin D supplementation promote bone healing around titanium implants in osteoporosis induced animals.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.1099-1106
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• 1999

Effects of dietary carotenoids were investigated on metabolism of the carotenoids, and body pigmen tation in oily bittering, Acheilognathus koreensis. Two weeks later after depletion,oily bitterings were fed the diets supplemented with either lutein, cynthiaxanthin and astaxathin for 4 weeks. Carotenoids distributed to and metabolized in integument were analyed. The carotenoid isolated from the integument of wild oily bittering, composed of 47.2% zeaxanthin, 11.4% lutein epoxide, 11.0% diatoxanthin, 9.7% lutein and 8.3% zeaxanthin epoxide. Meanwhile, two weeks later after depletion, the carotenoid composed of 29.9% crytoxanthin, 19.3% zeaxanthin, 13.2% lutein epoxide, 12.0% diatoxanthin and 8.8% zeaxanthin epoxide. These indicated that zeaxanthin, diatoxanthin, lutein epoxide and zeaxanthin epoxide were actively metabolized in oily bittering, compared to that of other fresh water fish. Total carotenoid content in the integument of wild oily bittering and oily bittering depleted for two weeks was found to be 1.72mg% and 2.08mg%, respectively. Two weeks later after treatment of experimental diet, total carotenoids content was increased to 2.23mg% in lutein, 2.36mg% in cynthiaxanthin and 2.49mg% in astaxanthin supplemented group, which were relatively higher than 2.10mg% in control group. Meanwhile, 4 weeks later, total ca rotenoids content was decreased to 1.76mg% in control, 1.95mg% in lutein, 1.74mg% in cynthiaxanthin and 1.72mg% in astaxanthin supplemented groups. These result indicate that dietary carotenoids were rapidly accumulated and then metabolized to certain metabolites shortly after feeding. Body pigmentation effects of the carotenoids due to accumulation of carotenoids in the integument of oily bittering was the most effectively shown in the astaxanthin supplemented group, followed by cynthiaxanthin and lutein supplemented groups. In the integument of oily bittering, dietary carotenoids were presumably biotrans formed via either oxidative or reductive pathways as presumed the variation of total carotenoid content and carotenoid composition in all experimental groups. The lutein was oxidized either to astaxanthin via doradexanthin and doradexanthin, or to zeaxanthin epoxide via zeaxanthin by oxidative pathway. Cynthiaxanthin was converted either to diatoxanthin and zeaxanthin by reductive pathway and then to zeaxanthin epoxide by oxidative pathway, or it was converted to astaxanthin via diatoxanthin, zeaxan thin and doradexanthin by oxidative pathway. Astaxanthin was converted to doradexanthin and zeaxanthin by reductive pathway and then to zeaxanthin epoxide by oxidative pathway. These results suggest that, oxidative pathway of carotenoids was major metabolic pathway along with reductive path way in fresh water fish.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.201-206
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• 2001

Objective : The purpose of this study was to assess the complications, duration of admission, cost effectiveness, radiologic stabilization of the anterior cervical bone fusion in the treatment of cervical disc disease with and without plating. Materials and Methods : Fifty-two surgically treated patients for cervical disc disease were reviewed. Group I consisted of consecutive treated patients with iliac auto-bone graft without instrumentation after anterior cervical discectomy. Group II consisted of consecutive treated patients with iliac autologous-bone graft with CASPER cervical plate fixations. Radiologic fusion was decided when loss of end plate boundary between graft bone and vertebral body and immobile, maintenance of the disc space were evident on simple dynamic plain films. The patients were discharged after the stabilization of cervical motion by films was of tained. These groups were analysed multiple variably with Mann-Whitney U-test. Results : Group I consisted of 18 patients, group II consisted of 34 patients. Mean age was $49.0{\pm}8.1years$, mean duration of admission was $17.27{\pm}10.51days$, mean costs for treatment was $1,970,000{\pm}475,000won$. In group I, mean age was 47.7(34-60) years, 16 patients had undergo on one-level operation, 2-patients had undergo on two-level operation, mean duration of admission was $28.7{\pm}10.4days$, mean costs for treatment was $2,194,473{\pm}561,639won$. The periods of stabilization was $6.6{\pm}3.36weeks$ on radiologic study. Mean periods of out patient follow up was 16.8(6-64) weeks after discharge. Mean period of radiologic follow up was 17.3(4-6) weeks after surgical operation. In group II, mean age was 49.7(37-62) years and 18 patients one-level operation, 14- patients had undergo on two-level operation and 2-patients three-level operation. Mean duration of admission was $11.24{\pm}3.29days$, mean costs for treatment was $1,850,823{\pm}389,372won$. The periods of stabilization was $5.88{\pm}7.07weeks$ on radiologic study. Mean period of out patients follow up was 16.7(4-60) weeks after discharge. Mean period of radiologic follow up was 12.4(3-52) weeks after surgical operation. The duration of admission showed statistical significance in Group II but other items showed no significant difference between two groups. Conclusions : The more economic, early life return and effective method of cervical disc disease in our series were evident in patients who had undergone, iliac bone graft and plate fixations after anterior discectomy.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.293-301
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• 2001

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise therapy and relaxation therapy on the level of ACTH and cortisol in workers and to determine, from this information, the effectiveness of applied exercise therapy and relaxation therapy as a nursing intervention method for workers experiencing stress. Method: The subjects were divided into an exercise therapy group. a relaxation therapy group, and a control group. The research design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design (exercise therapy : n=12. relaxation therapy: n=12, control group, the group without exercise or relaxation therapy: n= 12). The subjects in the exercise therapy group were given a particular intensity for each kp over 30 min, bicycle ergometer which uses the LX PE training system before and after four weeks of training. The subjects did 60-70% exercise intensity exercise therapy for eight weeks The relaxation therapy subjects were trained using a modified Jacobson's relaxation technique for eight weeks. The exercise and relaxation therapy groups were trained at the following intensity for eight weeks (3 times/week, 30 min/day). Changes in the levels of ACTH and cortisol were identified. Two-way ANOVA and multiple range test (SNK: Student Newman Keul) were used to examine the effects of exercise therapy and relaxation therapy at four and eight weeks. Result: 1. Changes in the level of ACTH in the relaxation therapy group were statistically significant at .05 level, and were better than that of the exercise therapy group after eight weeks. But there was no significant difference between the exercise therapy group and the control group. 2. Change in the level of cortisol in the relaxation therapy group were statistically significant at .05 level as compared to the exercise therapy group and the control group after four weeks, but not after eight weeks. Also, the relaxation therapy was statistically significant at .05 level after four weeks compared to before treatment, but there was a tendency toward increased cortisol after eight weeks. Conclusion: Relaxation therapy was found to be more effective in stress treatment than exercise therapy and as such is a desirable nursing intervention method for stress hormone reduction in workers.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the healing process of the calvarial defect filled with hydroxylapatite(HA) and $TGF-{\beta}$ in Rat. 72 Sprague-Dawly rats were divided into 3 groups, control and two experimental groups. Bony defect were artificially prepared in the calvaria of all 72 rats and followed by implantation of HA (experimental group of 24 rats) and HA+$TGF-{\beta}$(another experimental group of 24 rats) into the defects. Sequential sacrifice was performed at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 weeks of experiment. Obtained specimen was stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson's Trichrome and Immunohistochemistry. The results were as follows, 1. Granulation tissue was prominent on control group in 1 and 2 weeks. Bony defects were filled with dense fibrous tissue through the whole experimental period and osteoinduction could not be observed in all groups. 2. Inflammatory cell infiltration was prominent on control group in 1 and 2 weeks and osteoclastic activity was high in HA implanted experimental group at 1 and 2 weeks. 3. Inflammatory cell infiltration was less and maturation of fibrous tissue could be found on HA+$TGF-{\beta}$ implanted experimental group at 1 and 2 weeks. 4. Osteoconduction activity was high in HA+$TGF-{\beta}$ implanted experimental group at 2 and 4 weeks but there was no difference after 6 weeks among 3 groups. 5. In grafted site of HA+$TGF-{\beta}$ implanted group, osteonectin expression was slightly increased from 1 week to 6 weeks. In the host site, it was increased from 1 to 4weeks. 6. In grafted site of HA+$TGF-{\beta}$ implanted group, osteocalcin expression was high at 4 weeks. In the host site, we could find the difference among 3 groups. From above results, the HA with mixture of $TGF-{\beta}$ has the potentiality of promoting bone formation in the bony defect area in the rat.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.33-38
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• 2012

Purpose: The goal of this study was to evaluate the clinical anitplaque and antigingivitis effects of a mouthrinse containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), triclosan and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (DPZ) in patients with gingivitis and mild periodontitis. Methods: Thirty-two subjects were randomized into 2 groups. The test group used a mouthrinse containing 0.05% CPC, 0.02% triclosan and 0.02% DPZ, while the control group used a placebo mouthrinse. At baseline, 2 weeks and 4 weeks, the papillary bleeding index (PBI), Turesky-Quigley-Hein plaque index (PI) and L$\ddot{o}$e-Silness gingival index (GI) were assessed. During the experimental period, the patients used the mouthrinse for 30 seconds, 4 to 5 times/day (10 mL/time) within 30 minutes after toothbrushing. Results: No adverse effects appeared in either the experimental or the control group. Regarding PBI, PI and GI values, statistical significance was detected between values at baseline and 2 weeks for both groups (P<0.05). In the experimental group, statistically significantly lower values were detected at 4 weeks compared to at 2 weeks. However, in the control group, no statistically significant difference was detected between the values at 2 weeks and 4 weeks. Additionally, the mean value after 4 weeks for the control group was slightly higher than the mean value after 2 weeks for the control group. Conclusions: This study for 4 weeks demonstrated that mouthrinses containing CPC, triclosan and DPZ may contribute to the reduction of supragingival plaque and gingivitis.