농촌인구의 특성과 그 변화, 1960~1995: 인구구성 및 인구이동 (The Characteristics of Rural Population, Korea, 1960~1995: Population Composition and Internal Migration)
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- 한국인구학
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- 제19권2호
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- pp.77-105
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- 1996
농촌사회의 당면한 문제는 농촌인구의 극소와 잔존인구의 성·연령별 인구구조의 왜곡에서부터 제기되므로 농촌인구의 변화추세를 검토하였다. 그리고 최근 군부로의 전입과 전출 인구를 비교하여 최근 농촌으로의 인구회귀현상의 실태를 분석하였다. 끝으로 농촌의 인구실태를 파악하기 위하여 실시한 농촌마을 조사자료를 분석하여 농촌으로 전입하는 인구의 영향을 밝혔고, 특성별 농촌마을의 장래를 예측하였다. 군부의 인구는 도시로의 인구전출이 지속되면서 젊은 연령층과 영유아의 인구구성비가 낮고 노인연령층이 두텁게 되었다. 산업화 이전단계인 1960년 군부의 0∼4세 인구구성비는 시부보다 높았으나 농촌인구의 도시전출이 누적되면서 1975년부터 시부보다 낮아졌다. 그러나 1995년의 군부 0∼4세 인구구성비가 6.2%로 5년전보다 상승하여 시부와 차가 감소되었다. 또한 1980년대 후반에 시부에서 군부로 이동하는 인구의 연령별 구성에서 20∼34세에 총이동인구의 51.8%가 집중되어 있었으며, 이들의 교육수준은 시부로의 전입인구보다 오히려 높았다. 이러한 사실은 농촌사회의 변화로 나타내게 될 것이다. 그러나 순수농촌마을이라고 할 수 있는 보은군의 농촌마을과 원래 농업중심 마을이었으나 최근에 급속히 변하고 있는 파주군의 근교농촌마을의 인구구조를 비교한 결과 최근의 농촌인구구조의 변화와 젊은 연령층의 군부로 전입하는 현상은 일부 농촌, 특히 근교농촌의 변화에 의한 현상이지 전체 농촌인구형상의 변화라고 할 수 없었다. 이들 마을 실태조사에서 밝혀진 마을 인구구조의 특성에서 우리는 산업화나 도시의 영향을 받지 않는 순수농촌마을은 거주민의 노령화가 극단적으로 진행되어 마을 자체의 존속이 어려워지는 반면에 근교 농촌마을은 농촌의 성격이 흐려지면서 도시화 내지 산업화가 진행되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 않는 임신, 성감염증, 그리고 인공유산 등의 위험으로부터 제대로 보호를 받아야 한다고 믿는다.보완하는 벤치마크 기능도 수행하기 때문이다.국의 대외 이미지 개선을 위한 적극적인 PR활동과 기업의 최고경영자 차원의 로비활동 추진으로 대미(對美)로비체제를 적극적이며 능동적으로 수행할 수 있도록 하여야 한다.였고, W.X 조국은 동쪽으로 265.2m, W.Y 조국은 북쪽으로 279.5m, 그리고 X.Y 조국은 북서쪽으로 224.3m 편위하여, Loran - C 위치가 GPS 위치보다 약 250m 더 편위 된 것을 알 수 있었다.경우 본 논문에서 계산한 각 침로교각에 대한 최소피항개시거리와 안전피항개시거리을 미리 염두해 두고 피항조선을 하게 되면, 감각에 의한 조선방법으로 야기되는 충돌해난사고를 지양 할 수 있으리라 사료된다.만도에 따른 유의적인 증가를 (p<0.05)보여주었으나 여자의 경우는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. TG의 수치는 남자의 경우 KI가 110%미만인 그룹은
At the initial stage of Internet advertising, banner advertising came into fashion. As the Internet developed into a central part of daily lives and the competition in the on-line advertising market was getting fierce, there was not enough space for banner advertising, which rushed to portal sites only. All these factors was responsible for an upsurge in advertising prices. Consequently, the high-cost and low-efficiency problems with banner advertising were raised, which led to an emergence of keyword advertising as a new type of Internet advertising to replace its predecessor. In the beginning of 2000s, when Internet advertising came to be activated, display advertisement including banner advertising dominated the Net. However, display advertising showed signs of gradual decline, and registered minus growth in the year 2009, whereas keyword advertising showed rapid growth and started to outdo display advertising as of the year 2005. Keyword advertising refers to the advertising technique that exposes relevant advertisements on the top of research sites when one searches for a keyword. Instead of exposing advertisements to unspecified individuals like banner advertising, keyword advertising, or targeted advertising technique, shows advertisements only when customers search for a desired keyword so that only highly prospective customers are given a chance to see them. In this context, it is also referred to as search advertising. It is regarded as more aggressive advertising with a high hit rate than previous advertising in that, instead of the seller discovering customers and running an advertisement for them like TV, radios or banner advertising, it exposes advertisements to visiting customers. Keyword advertising makes it possible for a company to seek publicity on line simply by making use of a single word and to achieve a maximum of efficiency at a minimum cost. The strong point of keyword advertising is that customers are allowed to directly contact the products in question through its more efficient advertising when compared to the advertisements of mass media such as TV and radio, etc. The weak point of keyword advertising is that a company should have its advertisement registered on each and every portal site and finds it hard to exercise substantial supervision over its advertisement, there being a possibility of its advertising expenses exceeding its profits. Keyword advertising severs as the most appropriate methods of advertising for the sales and publicity of small and medium enterprises which are in need of a maximum of advertising effect at a low advertising cost. At present, keyword advertising is divided into CPC advertising and CPM advertising. The former is known as the most efficient technique, which is also referred to as advertising based on the meter rate system; A company is supposed to pay for the number of clicks on a searched keyword which users have searched. This is representatively adopted by Overture, Google's Adwords, Naver's Clickchoice, and Daum's Clicks, etc. CPM advertising is dependent upon the flat rate payment system, making a company pay for its advertisement on the basis of the number of exposure, not on the basis of the number of clicks. This method fixes a price for advertisement on the basis of 1,000-time exposure, and is mainly adopted by Naver's Timechoice, Daum's Speciallink, and Nate's Speedup, etc, At present, the CPC method is most frequently adopted. The weak point of the CPC method is that advertising cost can rise through constant clicks from the same IP. If a company makes good use of strategies for maximizing the strong points of keyword advertising and complementing its weak points, it is highly likely to turn its visitors into prospective customers. Accordingly, an advertiser should make an analysis of customers' behavior and approach them in a variety of ways, trying hard to find out what they want. With this in mind, her or she has to put multiple keywords into use when running for ads. When he or she first runs an ad, he or she should first give priority to which keyword to select. The advertiser should consider how many individuals using a search engine will click the keyword in question and how much money he or she has to pay for the advertisement. As the popular keywords that the users of search engines are frequently using are expensive in terms of a unit cost per click, the advertisers without much money for advertising at the initial phrase should pay attention to detailed keywords suitable to their budget. Detailed keywords are also referred to as peripheral keywords or extension keywords, which can be called a combination of major keywords. Most keywords are in the form of texts. The biggest strong point of text-based advertising is that it looks like search results, causing little antipathy to it. But it fails to attract much attention because of the fact that most keyword advertising is in the form of texts. Image-embedded advertising is easy to notice due to images, but it is exposed on the lower part of a web page and regarded as an advertisement, which leads to a low click through rate. However, its strong point is that its prices are lower than those of text-based advertising. If a company owns a logo or a product that is easy enough for people to recognize, the company is well advised to make good use of image-embedded advertising so as to attract Internet users' attention. Advertisers should make an analysis of their logos and examine customers' responses based on the events of sites in question and the composition of products as a vehicle for monitoring their behavior in detail. Besides, keyword advertising allows them to analyze the advertising effects of exposed keywords through the analysis of logos. The logo analysis refers to a close analysis of the current situation of a site by making an analysis of information about visitors on the basis of the analysis of the number of visitors and page view, and that of cookie values. It is in the log files generated through each Web server that a user's IP, used pages, the time when he or she uses it, and cookie values are stored. The log files contain a huge amount of data. As it is almost impossible to make a direct analysis of these log files, one is supposed to make an analysis of them by using solutions for a log analysis. The generic information that can be extracted from tools for each logo analysis includes the number of viewing the total pages, the number of average page view per day, the number of basic page view, the number of page view per visit, the total number of hits, the number of average hits per day, the number of hits per visit, the number of visits, the number of average visits per day, the net number of visitors, average visitors per day, one-time visitors, visitors who have come more than twice, and average using hours, etc. These sites are deemed to be useful for utilizing data for the analysis of the situation and current status of rival companies as well as benchmarking. As keyword advertising exposes advertisements exclusively on search-result pages, competition among advertisers attempting to preoccupy popular keywords is very fierce. Some portal sites keep on giving priority to the existing advertisers, whereas others provide chances to purchase keywords in question to all the advertisers after the advertising contract is over. If an advertiser tries to rely on keywords sensitive to seasons and timeliness in case of sites providing priority to the established advertisers, he or she may as well make a purchase of a vacant place for advertising lest he or she should miss appropriate timing for advertising. However, Naver doesn't provide priority to the existing advertisers as far as all the keyword advertisements are concerned. In this case, one can preoccupy keywords if he or she enters into a contract after confirming the contract period for advertising. This study is designed to take a look at marketing for keyword advertising and to present effective strategies for keyword advertising marketing. At present, the Korean CPC advertising market is virtually monopolized by Overture. Its strong points are that Overture is based on the CPC charging model and that advertisements are registered on the top of the most representative portal sites in Korea. These advantages serve as the most appropriate medium for small and medium enterprises to use. However, the CPC method of Overture has its weak points, too. That is, the CPC method is not the only perfect advertising model among the search advertisements in the on-line market. So it is absolutely necessary that small and medium enterprises including independent shopping malls should complement the weaknesses of the CPC method and make good use of strategies for maximizing its strengths so as to increase their sales and to create a point of contact with customers.
The research conducted here focuses on the effect of factors that affect the behavior of UCC (User Created Content) website users, other than user's rational recognition of how useful a UCC website can be. Most discussions in the existing literature on information systems have focused on users' evaluation how a UCC website can help to attain the users' own goals. However, there are other factors and this research pays attention to an individual's 'personality,' which is stable and biological in nature. Specifically, I have noted here that 'extroversion' and 'neuroticism,' the two common personality factors presented in Eysenck's most representative 'EPQ Model' and 'Big Five Model,' are the two personality factors that affect a site's 'usefulness,' by this I mean how useful does the user consider the website and its content. How useful a site is considered by the user is the other factor that has been regarded as the antecedent factor that influences the adoption of information systems in the existing MIS (Management Information System) research. Secondly, as using or creating a UCC website does not guarantee the user's or the creator's extrinsic motivation, unlike when using the information system within an organization, there is a greater likelihood that the increase in user's activities in relation to a UCC website is motivated by emotional factors rather than rational factors. Thus, I have decided to include the relationship between an individual's personality and what they find pleasurable in the research model. Thirdly, when based on the S-O-R Paradigm of Mehrabian and Russell, the two cognitive factors and emotional factors are finally affected by stimulus, and thus these factors ultimately have an effect on an individual's respondent behavior. Therefore, this research has presented an assumption that the recognition of how useful the site and content is and what emotional pleasure it provides will finally affect the behavior of the UCC website users. Finally, the relationship between the recognition of how useful a site is and how pleasurable it is to useand UCC usage may differ depending on certain situational conditions. In other words, the relationship between the three factors may vary according to how much users are involved in the creation of the website content. Creation thus emerges as the keyword of UCC. I analyzed the above relationships through the moderating variable of the user's involvement in the creation of the site. The research result shows the following: When it comes to the relationship between an individual's personality and what they find pleasurable it is extroverted users who have a greater likelihood to feel pleasure when using a UCC website, as was expected in this research. This in turn leads to a more active usage of the UCC web site because a person who is an extrovert likes to spend time on activities with other people, is sensitive to new experiences and stimuli and thus actively responds to these. An extroverted person accepts new UCC activities as part of his/her social life, rather than getting away from this new UCC environment. This is represented by the term 'Foxonomy' where the users meet a variety of users from all over the world and contact new types of content created by these users. However, neuroticism creates the opposite situation to that created by extroversion. The representative symptoms of neuroticism are instability, stress, and tension. These dispositions are more closely related to stress caused by a new environment rather than this creatingcuriosity or pleasure. Thus, neurotic persons have an uneasy feeling and will eventually avoid the situation where their own or others' daily lives are frequently exposed to the open web environment, this eventually makes them have a negative attitude towards the web environment. When it comes to an individual's personality and how useful site is, the two personality factors of extroversion and neuroticism both have a positive relationship with the recognition of how useful the site and its content is. The positive, curious, and social dispositions of extroverted persons tend to make them consider the future usefulness and possibilities of a new type of information system, or website, based on their positive attitude, which has a significant influence on the recognition of how useful these UCC sites are. Neuroticism also favorably affects how useful a UCC website can be through a different mechanism from that of extroversion. As the neurotic persons tend to feel uneasy and have much doubt about a new type of information system, they actively explore its usefulness in order to relieve their uncomfortable feelings. In other words, neurotic persons seek out how useful a site can be in order to secure their own stable feelings. Meanwhile, extroverted persons explore how useful a site can be because of their positive attitude and curiosity. As a lot of MIS research has revealed that the recognition of how useful a site can be and how pleasurable it can be to use have been proven to have a significant effect on UCC activity. However, the relationship between these factors reveals different aspects based on the user's involvement in creation. This factor of creationgauges the interest of users in the creation of UCC contents. Involvement is a variable that shows the level of an individual's mental effort in creating UCC contents. When a user is highly involved in the creation process and makes an enormous effort to create UCC content (classed a part of a high-involvement group), their own pleasure and recognition of how useful the site is have a significantly higher effect on the future usage of the UCC contents, more significantly than the users who sit back and just retrieve the UCC content created by others. The cognitive and emotional response of those in the low-involvement group is unlikely to last long,even if they recognize the contents of a UCC website is pleasurable and useful to them. However, the high-involvement group tends to participate in the creation and the usage of UCC more favorably, connecting the experience with their own goals. In this respect, this research presents an answer to the question; why so many people are participating in the usage of UCC, the representative form of the Web 2.0 that has drastically involved more and more people in the creation of UCC, even if they cannot gain any monetary or social compensation. Neither information system nor a website can succeed unless it secures a certain level of user base. Moreover, it cannot be further developed when the reasons, or problems, for people's participation are not suitably explored, even if it has a certain user base. Thus, what is significant in this research is that it has studied users' respondent behavior based on an individual's innate personality, emotion, and cognitive interaction, unlike the existing research that has focused on 'compensation' to explain users' participation with the UCC website. There are also limitations in this research. Firstly, I divided an individual's personality into extroversion and neuroticism; however, there are many other personal factors such as neuro-psychiatricism, which also needs to be analyzed for its influence on UCC activities. Secondly, as a UCC website comes in many types such as multimedia, Wikis, and podcasting, these types need to be included as a sub-category of the UCC websites and their relationship with personality, emotion, cognition, and behavior also needs to be analyzed.
여헌 장현광(1554-1637)은 조선중기를 대표하는 유학자이면서 우주론과 자연학을 가장 체계적으로 저술한 사람이다. 조선조 유학의 지리적인 학맥에서 여헌은 남명 조식과 한강 정구의 학풍을 이어받으면서 풍수와 지지편찬을 계승한 사람으로 자리매김 될 수 있다. 여헌은 주자학에 영향을 받았지만 역학(易學)의 기틀을 견지하였으며, 사변적인 공리공론에 머무르지 않고 실용적 경세학(經世學)으로서의 지리를 인식하였다. 여헌의 지리인식 방법은 역학(易學)의 체계와 구도 상에서 이루어졌다. 여헌은 자연에 대한 인간 본위(本位)의 인식태도를 드러내며, 따라서 인사의 공능이 지리의 조건보다 우선되는 준칙이었다. 여헌에게 산수와 자연은 비덕(比德)의 공부대상이었고, 자연공부 방법은 대상물의 관찰을 통해 생명의 이치를 자득하고, 무심한 경지를 통해 천지의 마음에 이르는 것이었다. 유학의 가르침을 삶의 지침으로 삼았던 여헌에게 있어서 낙토(樂土)는 안분자족(安分自足)함에서 얻어지는 것이었다. 여헌에게 지리인식의 의의는 생활의 실용적인 이익 됨에 목적을 둔 필수적인 지식정보였다. 여헌은 은거지의 생활현장에 자신이 견지한 유학적 우주관과 세계관을 '우주사업'의 일환으로 구현하였다. 이러한 의식과 태도는 주거지의 장소경관과 자연경물(自然景物)을 북극성과 주위 28수의 별자리로 상징화하여 명명하고 우주적 중심 공간으로 구성하는 방식으로 나타났다. 주자의 무이구곡(武夷九曲) 경영에서 비롯된 유학자들의 동천구곡(洞天九曲) 전통은 조선시대에 유행되었지만, 여헌의 장소 구성 체계는 여타의 형태와 방식을 뛰어넘은 우주적 구도의 독창성이 있다. 여헌의 장소 명명 의식에는 선현을 본받고자하는 태도, 자연물의 형용과 성정에 대한 비덕(比德), 그리고 은거(隱居) 의식의 반영이 나타난다. 여헌의 국토관 및 국토이해는 지형개관, 산수이해, 도읍입지, 지역이해, 풍토론, 현실인식의 방식으로 체계적으로 드러나고 중국의 지리적 조건과도 비교되어 파악되었다. 그의 국토인식과 이해방식은, 국토의 유기체적인 인식, 주자학의 자연관이 반영된 기적(氣的)인 국토인식, 산천 인식과 도읍 입지의 풍수적 이해, 지역구분을 통한 비교론적 이해, 인물과 풍속에 대한 풍토론적 이해 방식 등으로 요약할 수 있다. 여헌은 역의 포괄적인 사상체계 범주에서 풍수도 수용하였다. 그가 풍수를 수용할 수 있었던 배경에는 남명과 한강을 계승하는 학풍에서 연유되는 바가 있었다. 여헌은 풍수지식을 활용하여 주거지의 입지를 정하기도 하였고, 고향 연고지의 여러 곳에 대해 풍수적 견지로 언급하기도 했다. 그의 풍수관을 보면, 묘지풍수에서 형세론적 이치는 수긍하고 있지만 장례기일을 미루는 발복 목적의 행위는 비판하였다. 그리고 고을의 풍수에서 숲의 조성을 통한 비보의 필요성을 인정하였다. 이러한 풍수관은 문도(門徒)들의 지지편찬에도 일정하게 반영되었다. 여헌 학풍에서 주목할 만한 지리학적 특징으로 꼽을 수 있는 것이 지지(地誌)의 편찬이다. 이것은 남명과 한강의 치용(治用) 정신과 경세적(經世的) 실천을 계승한 학풍이기도 했다. 여헌은 지지를 중요시하게 생각하면서 문인들에게 편찬을 독려하였다. 고을의 통치자나 지식인으로서 지역의 역사와 옛 일을 잘 알아야하고, 권면하고 징계하는 기준이 마련될 필요가 있다는 것이다. 이러한 여헌의 견해는 이후 문인들의 지지편찬 취지와 내용 구성에 지침이 되었다. 이 연구는 여헌의 지리인식에 관한 사실적인 면모의 정리와 지리적 학풍의 계승 맥락에 관한 고찰에 그친 한계가 있다. 다음에는 여헌 전후 유학자들의 지리인식과 지지편찬 전통이 어떻게 전승되면서 전개 발전되었고 질적으로 변천해 나갔는지를 살피고자 한다. 이러한 연구는 학계에서 공백으로 남아있는 조선 초 중기 유교지식인의 지리학사를 정립하는데 일조할 수 있으리라 믿는다.
문화예술상품은 일반 소비재와 달리 소비자의 가치인식에 따라 중요한 소비의 대상이 되기도 하고 그렇지 못할 수도 있는 특별한 상품이다. 물질적 소비재나 서비스 상품은 상품속성이 주는 물질적 및 비물질적 혜택을 상정하여 상품을 개발하고 그에 따른 마케팅전략을 수립하는 것이 효과적일 수 있다. 그러나 문화예술상품 소비는 소비자의 경험과 교육 등에 의해 형성된 문화예술에 대한 가치인식에 따라 소비추구혜택이 달라질 수 있고, 가치인식과 추구혜택은 문화예술상품의 속성을 선택하는 기준에 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 '문화예술상품에 대한 가치인식과 추구혜택에 관한 질적 연구'의 후속연구로서 질적 연구에서 나타난 개념구조를 바탕으로 문화예술상품에 대한 소비자의 가치인식 및 추구혜택과 상품속성의 하위차원을 규명하고, 수단-목적 사슬이론을 역으로 적용하여 문화예술상품에 대한 소비자의 가치인식이 추구혜택과 상품속성에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 하였다. 그리하여 문화예술상품 생산 및 문화예술 정책기관과 문화예술을 활용하는 기업의 문화마케팅의 효율성을 제고하기 위한 실무적 시사점을 제시하고자 실시되었다. 10대 이상 50대 남녀 662명을 대상으로 자료를 수집하고 요인분석과 경로분석을 실시하였다. 예술상품에 대한 소비자의 가치인식과 추구혜택의 하위차원은 질적 연구 결과와 유사하게 나타났으며, 가치인식은 대부분 추구혜택을 매개로 하여 상품속성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 질적 연구결과와 마찬가지로 수단-목적사슬을 역방향으로 적용하는 것이 타당함을 입증하였다. 즉, 문화예술상품에 대한 소비자의 가치인식이 실제적 편익으로 구체화되고, 소비자는 이러한 추구혜택에 따라 상품속성의 중요도를 고려하여 구매의사를 결정하는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 본 연구는 문화예술상품에 대한 소비자의 가치인식을 긍정적으로 형성·강화시키는 것이 가장 중요한 소비 촉진 요인임을 입증하였으며, 문화예술상품 생산기관에서 소비자 중심의 상품개발과 기업의 효율적인 문화예술마케팅 전략을 개발하기 위한 소비자 정보와 실무적 시사점을 제시하였다. 또한 본 연구 결과는 국민의 삶의 질을 향상시키고자 하는 국가기관의 정책 수립을 위한 유용한 정보로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.
This project was a service-cum-research effort with a quasi-experimental study design to examine the health benefits of an integrated Family Planning (FP)/Maternal & Child health (MCH) Service approach that provides crucial factors missing in the present on-going programs. The specific objectives were: 1) To test the effectiveness of trained nurse/midwives (MW) assigned as change agents in the Health Sub-Center (HSC) to bring about the changes in the eight FP/MCH indicators, namely; (i)FP/MCH contacts between field workers and their clients (ii) the use of effective FP methods, (iii) the inter-birth interval and/or open interval, (iv) prenatal care by medically qualified personnel, (v) medically supervised deliveries, (vi) the rate of induced abortion, (vii) maternal and infant morbidity, and (viii) preinatal & infant mortality. 2) To measure the integrative linkage (contacts) between MW & HSC workers and between HSC and clients. 3) To examine the organizational or administrative factors influencing integrative linkage between health workers. Study design; The above objectives called for quasi-experimental design setting up a study and control area with and without a midwife. An active intervention program (FP/MCH minimum 'package' program) was conducted for a 2 year period from June 1982-July 1984 in Seosan County and 'before and after' surveys were conducted to measure the change. Service input; This study was undertaken by the Soonchunhyang University in collaboration with WHO. After a baseline survery in 1981, trained nurses/midwives were introduced into two health sub-centers in a rural setting (Seosan county) for a 2 year period from 1982 to 1984. A major service input was the establishment of midwifery services in the existing health delivery system with emphasis on nurse/midwife's role as the link between health workers (nurse aids) and village health workers, and the referral of risk patients to the private physician (OBGY specialist). An evaluation survey was made in August 1984 to assess the effectiveness of this alternative integrated approach in the study areas in comparison with the control area which had normal government services. Method of evaluation; a. In this study, the primary objective was first to examine to what extent the FP/MCH package program brought about changes in the pre-determined eight indicators (outcome and impact measures) and the following relationship was first analyzed; b. Nevertheless, this project did not automatically accept the assumption that if two or more activities were integrated, the results would automatically be better than a non-integrated or categorical program. There is a need to assess the 'integration process' itself within the package program. The process of integration was measured in terms of interactive linkages, or the quantity & quality of contacts between workers & clients and among workers. Intergrative linkages were hypothesized to be influenced by organizational factors at the HSC clinic level including HSC goals, sltrurture, authority, leadership style, resources, and personal characteristics of HSC staff. The extent or degree of integration, as measured by the intensity of integrative linkages, was in turn presumed to influence programme performance. Thus as indicated diagrammatically below, organizational factors constituted the independent variables, integration as the intervening variable and programme performance with respect to family planning and health services as the dependent variable: Concerning organizational factors, however, due to the limited number of HSCs (2 in the study area and 3 in the control area), they were studied by participatory observation of an anthropologist who was independent of the project. In this observation, we examined whether the assumed integration process actually occurred or not. If not, what were the constraints in producing an effective integration process. Summary of Findings; A) Program effects and impact 1. Effects on FP use: During this 2 year action period, FP acceptance increased from 58% in 1981 to 78% in 1984 in both the study and control areas. This increase in both areas was mainly due to the new family planning campaign driven by the Government for the same study period. Therefore, there was no increment of FP acceptance rate due to additional input of MW to the on-going FP program. But in the study area, quality aspects of FP were somewhat improved, having a better continuation rate of IUDs & pills and more use of effective Contraceptive methods in comparison with the control area. 2. Effects of use of MCH services: Between the study and control areas, however, there was a significant difference in maternal and child health care. For example, the coverage of prenatal care was increased from 53% for 1981 birth cohort to 75% for 1984 birth cohort in the study area. In the control area, the same increased from 41% (1981) to 65% (1984). It is noteworthy that almost two thirds of the recent birth cohort received prenatal care even in the control area, indicating that there is a growing demand of MCH care as the size of family norm becomes smaller 3. There has been a substantive increase in delivery care by medical professions in the study area, with an annual increase rate of 10% due to midwives input in the study areas. The project had about two times greater effect on postnatal care (68% vs. 33%) at delivery care(45.2% vs. 26.1%). 4. The study area had better reproductive efficiency (wanted pregancies with FP practice & healthy live births survived by one year old) than the control area, especially among women under 30 (14.1% vs. 9.6%). The proportion of women who preferred the 1st trimester for their first prenatal care rose significantly in the study area as compared to the control area (24% vs 13%). B) Effects on Interactive Linkage 1. This project made a contribution in making several useful steps in the direction of service integration, namely; i) The health workers have become familiar with procedures on how to work together with each other (especially with a midwife) in carrying out their work in FP/MCH and, ii) The health workers have gotten a feeling of the usefulness of family health records (statistical integration) in identifying targets in their own work and their usefulness in caring for family health. 2. On the other hand, because of a lack of required organizational factors, complete linkage was not obtained as the project intended. i) In regards to the government health worker's activities in terms of home visiting there was not much difference between the study & control areas though the MW did more home visiting than Government health workers. ii) In assessing the service performance of MW & health workers, the midwives balanced their workload between 40% FP, 40% MCH & 20% other activities (mainly immunization). However,