• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.213-223
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• 1997

Premixed flame is better than diffusion flame to accomplish a high loading combustion. Since the turbulent characteristics of unburned mixture has a great influence on the flame structure, it is general that many researchers realize a high loading combustion with strengthening turbulent intensity of unburned mixture. Because turbulent premixed flame reacts efficiently on the condition of distributed reaction region, we made high turbulent premixed flame in the doubled impingement field. We investigated turbulent characteristics of unburned mixture with increasing shear force and visualized flames with direct and Schlieren photographs. And the combustion characteristics of flame was elucidated by instantaneous temperature measurement with a thermocouple, by ion currents with a micro electrostatic probe, by radical luminescence intensity and local equivalence ratio. Extremely strong turbulent of small scale is generated by impingement of mixture, and turbulent intensity of unburned mixture increased with the mean velocity. As a result of direct photographs, visible region of flame became longer due to increasing central direction flux. But as strengthed turbulent intensity, visible region of flame turned to shorter and reaction occurred efficiently. As strengthened turbulent intensity of mixture with increasing flux of central direction, maximum fluctuating temperature region moved to radial direction and fluctuation of temperature became lower. The reason is influx of central direction which caused flame zone to move toward radial direction, to maintain flame zone stable and to make flame scale smaller.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.31 no.2 s.257
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• pp.132-140
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• 2007

The temperature and soot of the visualized diesel engine's turbulent flow of the flame was measured qualitatively. In the combustion chamber, in order to judge the affect that the swirl current has on the current ratio two heads with different ratios were used. Using a high speed camera, the results were analyzed using flame visualization. In order to measure the temperature and soot of the turbulent flames like diesel flames, two color methods were used to acquire temperature and the soot of the flames according to the conditions through analyzing the two wavelengths of the flames. It was possible to measure the highest temperature of the non-swirl head visualized engine, which is approximately 2400K, and that swirl head engine managed up to 2100K. With respect to the visualized diesel engine soot, we got the grasp of the KL factor which bears the qualitative information of the soot. This study is dedicated to suggesting the possibility of measuring not only the temperature but also soot of the diffusion flame of the diesel engine turbulent flames.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.147-155
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• 2001

Experimental investigations were conducted for two hydrogen-nitrogen coaxial jet diffusion flames. A flame was a conventional coaxial jet diffusion flame and the other was a coaxial jet diffusion flame of which ambient air-jet turbulence was intensified. In this study, firstly two kinds of NOx measuring system were campared by using different convertors, secondly the NOx formation characteristics were investigated in order to examine the effect of turbulence intensity. In this study it is known that stainless convertor has some problem in the converting process from NO$_2$to NO in fuel rich region but molybdenum convertor can detect the amount of NOx correctly. The increase of turbulence intensity reduces the thermal NOx less than a half in our experiment and this effect is conspicuous near the nozzle. The conversion rate from NO to NO$_2$and the portion of NO$_2$among NOx are increased with turbulence intensity. These NOx measurements will help to understand the influences of turbulence intensity on NOx formation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2005

Measurements of flame length and NOx emissions have been conducted to investigate the effects of acoustic excitation on flame structure in turbulent hydrogen diffusion flames with coaxial air. When the acoustic excitation of a specific frequency is applied to coaxial air stream, flame length is dramatically reduced, resulting in reduction of flame residence time. Consequently, EINOx could decrease up to 35 % and this shows that acoustic excitation is effective in reducing NOx emissions. Mie scattering technique has been used to visualize the vortex structure induced by acoustic excitation and vortex formation, development and destruction were observed quantitatively. As a result, vortex entrains coflow air into fuel stream and mixing rate between fuel and air is significantly enhanced, which may contribute to reduction of NOx emissions.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.60-66
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• 2001

Combustion using pure oxygen instead of air is an energy saving technology that can increase thermal efficiency by the improvement of burning rate and ultra high temperature flame, being used on the industrial spot. But information about it is not so enough yet. Flame figure, temperature distribution and emission concentration were measured with oxygen excess ratio and swirl number in a turbulent diffusion flame to investigate the combustion characteristics using pure oxygen. The results showed that flame figure became different as long as oxygen excess ratio varied and that concentration of NO and CO increased suddenly around ${\lambda}$=1.5.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.305-313
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• 2005

Measurements of flame length, width and NOx emissions have been conducted to investigate the effect of an acoustic excitation on flame structure in turbulent hydrogen diffusion flames with coaxial air. The resonance frequency of oscillations was varied between 259 ,514 and 728 Hz with power rate of 0.405 and 2.88w. When these frequencies imposed to hydrogen flames, dramatic reduction of flame length and NOx emission was achieved. And acetone planar laser-induced fluorescence technique was used to measure a concentration of the near field of driven axisymmetric jet. The air-fuel stoichiometric line was plotted to investigate the mixing layer and development of air entrainment to fuel jet. Consequently, acoustic excitation on flame could enhance the air-fuel mixing resulting in abatement of NOx emission quantitatively.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.350-358
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• 2002

The present work determined the flame structure characteristics of coal syngas combusted inside swirl burners with various nozzle types. Fuel nozzle types are largely classified into two groups of axial and tangential. Experiments were carried out for investigating the effects of fuel nozzle geometry, fuel composition ratio, heating rate, excess air, and degree of swirl on the turbulent diffusion flame structure. To determine the characteristics of the flame structure, axial type fuel nozzle diameter of laboratory-scale combustor is varied to 1.23, 1.96, and 2.95 ㎜ and the direction of tangential type nozzles are varied to radial, clockwise, and counter-clockwise. The comparison of the experimental results was performed to understand functional parameters relating the flame structure. Data analysis showed that the vertical straight flame height generally decreased with increasing swirl number and decreasing axial type nozzle diameter. Flame height established with tangential type nozzle is 3 times shorter than that with vertical type. The flame structures among the 3 different tangential fuel nozzles relatively showed no particular difference. By increasing the heating rate, the width of flame increased generally in both vertical and tangential flame. Within the present experimental parameters of the investigation, flame structure is mainly depends on the nozzle type of the combustor. The visually investigated flame lengths are confirmed through the analysis of temperature profile of each flame.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.35-41
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• 2001

A second-order conditional moment closure(CMC) model is applied to the prediction of local extinction in a turbulent hydrocarbon diffusion flame and compared with direct numerical simulation(DNS) results for the flame. Combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel is described by a simple two-step mechanism. A second-order correction for conditional mean reaction rate terms is made by the assumed pdf method. The results show that the second-order closure is necessary for accurate prediction of intermediate species, while first-order CMC gives good predictions for fuel, oxidant, product and temperature. Conditional variances and covariances are well predicted during an extinction process while they are overpredicted during a reignition process.

• 한국가시화정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.12a
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• pp.135-140
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• 2006

The stabilization mechanism of turbulent, lifted jet flames in a non-premixed condition has been studied experimentally. The objectives are to explain the phenomenon of a liftoff height decreasing as increasing fuel velocity and to reveal the mechanisms of flame stability Hydrogen was varied from 100 to 300 m/s and a coaxial air was fixed at 16 m/s with a coflow air less than 0.1 m/s. The technique of PIV and OH PLIF was used simultaneously with CCD and ICCD cameras. It was found that the liftoff height of the jet decreased with an increased fuel jet exit velocity. The leading edge at the flame base was moving along the stoichiometric line. Finally we confirmed that the stabilization of lifted hydrogen diffusion flames is related with a turbulent intensity, which means combustion is occurred where the local flow velocity is equal to the turbulent flame propagation velocity.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.06a
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• pp.41-45
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• 2002

The zone-conditioned CMC equations are derived by taking an unconditional average of the generic conservation equations multiplied by delta and Heaviside functions in terms of mixture fraction and reaction progress variable. The resulting equations are essentially in the same form as the single zone CMC equations except for separate flow fields for burned and unburned gas. The zone-conditioned two-fluid equations are applied to a stagnating turbulent premixed flame brush of Cheng and Shepherd[5l. It is shown that the flame stretch factor is of crucial importance to accurately reproduce the measured mean reaction progress variable and conditional velocities. Further work is in progress for the relationship between surface and volume averages and extension to partially premixed combustion on the basis of a triple flame structure, e. g. in a lifted turbulent diffusion flame.