• Wind and Structures
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.165-183
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• 2020

The first step of performance-based design for transmission lines is the determination of wind fields as well as wind loads, which are largely depending on local wind climate and the surrounding terrain. Wind fields in a mountainous area are very different with that in a flat terrain. This paper firstly investigated both mean and fluctuating wind characteristics of a typical mountainous wind field by wind tunnel tests and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The speedup effects of mean wind and specific turbulence properties, i.e., turbulence intensity, power spectral density (PSD) and coherence function, are highlighted. Then a hybrid simulation framework for generating three dimensional (3D) wind velocity field in the mountainous area was proposed by combining the CFD and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method given the properties of the target turbulence field. Finally, a practical 220 kV transmission line was employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed wind field generation framework and its role in the performance-based design. It was found that the terrain-induce turbulence effects dominate the performance-based structural design of transmission lines running through the mountainous area.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.1281-1290
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• 2001

A study on the fluid flow with ultrasonic forcing is carried out to obtain data for the turbulence enhancement. A large water tank is made of the transparent acrylic plates and a horizontal flow field is given by setting two acrylic tubes to face mutually on a horizontal line. A 2-dimensional PlV system which is composed of a continuous-output 4W Argon-ion laser, a high-speed video camera, a PC based by an image grabber and a high resolution monitor is used to investigate characteristics of the complex turbulence flow field. And a 2MHz ultrasonic transducer is used fur ultrasonic vibration forcing. Some experiments are carried out at Reynolds numbers of 2,000 and 4,000 and at 7 angles of ultrasonic incidence. In results, the flew velocity vector distribution, kinetic energy and turbulence intensity in both cases of with and without ultrasonic forcing are examined, compared and discussed by using PIV measurement. It is clarified that the ultrasonic forcing into flow field is valid to obtain the turbulence enhancement.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.91-106
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• 2003

The paper presents the results of 1:50 geometrical scale laboratory modeling of wind-induced point pressure on the roof of the Texas Tech University (TTU) test building. The nominal (prevalent at the TTU site) wind and two bounding (low and high turbulence) flows were simulated in a boundary-layer wind tunnel at Colorado State University. The results showed significant increase in the pressure peak and standard deviation with an increase in the flow turbulence. It was concluded that the roof mid-plane pressure sensitivity to the turbulence intensity was the cause of the previously reported field-laboratory mismatch of the fluctuating pressure, for wind normal and $30^{\circ}$-off normal to the building ridge. In addition, it was concluded that the cornering wind mismatch in the roof corner/edge regions could not be solely attributed to the wind-azimuth-independent discrepancy between the turbulence intensity of the approach field and laboratory flows.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.553-574
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• 2009

This paper presents statistical analysis results of wind speed and atmospheric turbulence data measured from more than 30 anemometers installed at 15 different height levels on 325 m high Beijing Meteorological Tower and is primarily intended to provide useful information on boundary layer wind characteristics for wind-resistant design of tall buildings and high-rise structures. Profiles of mean wind speed are presented based on the field measurements and are compared with empirical models' predictions. Relevant parameters of atmospheric boundary layer at urban terrain are determined from the measured wind speed profiles. Furthermore, wind velocity data in longitudinal, lateral and vertical directions, which were recorded from an ultrasonic anemometer during windstorms, are analyzed and discussed. Atmospheric turbulence information such as turbulence intensity, gust factor, turbulence integral length scale and power spectral densities of the three-dimensional fluctuating wind velocity are presented and used to evaluate the adequacy of existing theoretical and empirical models. The objective of this study is to investigate the profiles of mean wind speed and atmospheric turbulence characteristics over a typical urban area.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.33.2-33.2
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• 2011

The anisotropic nature of the magnetic turbulence associated with magnetic dipolarizations in the Earth's plasma sheet is examined. Specifically we determine the power spectral indices for the perpendicular and parallel components of the fluctuating magnetic field with respect to the background magnetic field and compare them to determine possible anisotropic features. For this study, we identify a total of 47 dipolarization events from February 2008 using the magnetic field observations by the THEMIS A, D and E satellites when they are situated closely near the neutral sheet in the near-Earth tail. For the identified events, we estimate the spectral indices for the frequency range from 1.3 mHz to 42 mHz. The results show that for many events the spectral indices are larger for fluctuations in the ${\Psi}$ direction than for those in the other two directions, where the ${\Psi}$ direction is perpendicular to the background magnetic field line and to the azimuthal direction. This implies that the dipolarization-associated turbulence of the magnetic field is often anisotropic. We discuss how this result differs from what is expected from the theory of homogeneous, anisotropic, MHD turbulence.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.2022-2029
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• 1995

The experiment was performed by using the condenser discharge ignition device in a constant volume combustion chamber for high pressure, equivalent to the TDC of spark ignition engine, which makes the forced turbulent field possible. The conclusions obtained under various initial pressures, initial temperatures, and turbulent conditions of the methanol-air mixture are as follows : As initial pressure, initial temperature of the mixture, and the ignition energy increase, the inflammability limit expands, but the lean inflammability limit decreases as turbulence intensity increases. Combustion duration is shorter in the case of the lower initial pressure, the higher initial temperature, an equivalence ratio of 1.1-1.2, and even though turbulence intensity increases up to optimum value. Maximum combustion pressure increases in turbulent ambience under the same mixture condition, only in the case each optimum turbulence intensity exists under every condition. As the turbulence intensity increases .tau.$_{10}$ proportion increases while the .tau.$_{pr}$ proportion decreases....

• Wind and Structures
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.231-243
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• 2020

Downbursts are acknowledged for being a major loading hazard for horizontally-extending structures like transmission line systems. With these structures being inherently flexible, it is important to characterize the turbulence associated with the wind flow of downburst events being essential to quantify dynamic excitations on structures. Accordingly, the current study numerically characterizes the downburst wind field of open terrain simulated at the Wind Engineering, Energy and Environment (WindEEE) dome testing facility at The University of Western Ontario in Canada through a high-resolution large eddy simulation (LES). The study validates the numerical simulation considering both the mean and the turbulent components of the flow. It then provides a detailed visual description of the flow at WindEEE through the capabilities enabled by LES to identify the key factors affecting the flow. The study also presents the spatial distribution of turbulence intensities and length scales computed from the numerical model and compares them with previous values reported in the literature. The comparison shows the ability of the downburst simulated at WindEEE to reproduce turbulence characteristics similar to those reported from field measurements. The study also indicates that downburst turbulence is well-correlated circumferentially which imposes high correlated loads on horizontally-distributed structures such as transmission lines.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.275-279
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• 2001

The study of incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence gives useful insights on many astrophysical problems. We describe a pseudo-spectral MHD code suitable for the study of incompressible turbulence. We review our recent' works on direct three-dimensional numerical simulations for MHD turbulence in a periodic box. In those works, we use a pseudo-spectral code to solve the incompressible MHD equations. We first discuss the structure and properties of turbulence as functions of scale. The results are consistent with the scaling law recently proposed by Goldreich & Sridhar. The scaling law is based on the concept of scale-dependent isotropy: smaller eddies are more elongated than larger ones along magnetic field lines. This scaling law substantially changes our views on MHD turbulence. For example, as noted by Lazarian & Vishniac, the scaling law can provide a fast reconnection rate. We further discuss how the study of incompressible MHD turbulence can help us to understand physical processes in interstellar medium (ISM) by considering imbalanced cascade and viscous damped turbulence.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.599-618
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• 2014

In this study, a square rectangular tall building is considered to investigate the effects of turbulence integral length scale and turbulence intensity on the along-wind responses, across-wind responses and torsional responses of the tall building by Large Eddy Simulation (LES). A recently proposed inflow turbulence generator called the discretizing and synthesizing random flow generation (DSRFG) approach is applied to simulate turbulent flow fields. It has been proved that the approach is able to generate a fluctuating turbulent flow field satisfying any given spectrum, desired turbulence intensity and wind speed profiles. Five profiles of turbulence integral length scale and turbulence intensity are respectively generated for the inflow fields by the DSRFG approach for investigating the effects of turbulence integral length scale and turbulence intensity on the wind-induced responses of the tall building. The computational results indicate that turbulence integral length scale does not have significant effect on the along-wind (displacement, velocity and acceleration) responses, across-wind displacement and velocity responses, while the across-wind acceleration and torsional responses vary without a clear rule with the parameter. On the other hand, the along-wind, across-wind and torsional responses increase with the growth of turbulence intensity.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.43-68
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• 2013

The fluctuating wind induced vibration is one of the most important factors which has been taken into account in the design of long-span bridge due to the low stiffness and low natural frequency. Field measurement characteristics of sustained wind on structure site can provide accurate wind load parameters for wind field simulation and structural wind resistance design. As a suspension bridge with 1490 m main span, the Runyang Suspension Bridge (RSB) has high sensitivity to fluctuating wind. The simultaneous and continuously wind environment field measurement both in mid-span and on tower top is executed from 2005 up to now by the structural health monitoring system installed on this bridge. Based on the recorded data, the wind characteristic parameters, including mean wind speed, wind direction, the turbulence intensity, the gust factors, the turbulence integral length, power spectrum and spatial correlation, are analyzed in detail and the coherence functions of those parameters are evaluated using statistical method in this paper. The results indicate that, the turbulence component of sustain wind is larger than extremely strong winds although its mean wind speed is smaller; the correlation between turbulence parameters is obvious; the power spectrum is special and not accord with the Simiu spectrum and von Karman spectrum. Results obtained in this study can be used to evaluate the long term reliability of the Runyang Suspension Bridge and provide reference values for wind resistant design of other structures in this region.