• 상하수도학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.107-117
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• 1998

In order to removal turbidity at high turbidity, this study was carried to evaluate the coagulants(Alum, PACl, PACS) that was suited the characteristics of raw water in water treatment plants and to determinate the optimum method of lime feed. When the optimum coagulant was selected the organic matter removal was also investigated as $UV_{254}$. PACl, lime first feed had the highest turbidity removal efficiency rate as above 99.1% and then $UV_{254}$ removal rate was obtained over than 88.0%. If you had the necessary of the lime feed, among the method of lime feed time interval feed largely was improved than simultaneous feed. Also, lime feed dose had about 1/5 of coagulants dose in case of Alum and PACl, but always PACS should be considerated lime dose.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제27권B호
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• pp.221-227
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• 2007

This research investigates the turbidity and flow of river for an year, 2005, in order to examine the relation of the generation of turbidity according to the outflow of min water. For this research, the region of Jawoon river where is the area of high land vegetable growing in the upper Soyang Reservoir is selected to observe actual floating materials that generate negative nutrition and turbidity of the Reservoir water and the changes of water quality by raining of each month. In addition, the researcher has conducted statistical inspection methods, such as correlation analysis and regression analysis on strength of raining force, and rain continuance time among the elements affecting the outflow of floating materials.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2009

A method to improve water treatment efficiency by coagulant overdosing for high pH raw water at a drinking water treatment plant (WTP) which had no pH adjusting facilities was investigated. Poly aluminum chloride (PACl) was used for coagulant, and turbidity removal efficiency was evaluated as a function of PACl dosage increases. pH and turbidity of supernatant of jar-tester were 7.10 and 0.50 NTU respectively, when the turbidity, pH, alkalinity, water temperature, conductivity of raw water were 1.75 NTU, 9.38, 46.5 mg/L, $6.4^{\circ}C$, $400{\mu}s/cm$, respectively. Turbidity of settled water was reduced from 2.18 NTU to 0.28 NTU (87% reduction) when PACl dosage was increased from 16 mg/L to 45 mg/L at a full scale WTP. This can be attributed to the recovery of coagulant efficiency by pH reduction with the increase of coagulant dose, however coagulation efficiency was reduced with the formation of Al(OH)4- by PACl addition at higher pH. Coagulant overdosing was proven to be a rapid and effective method for high pH raw water, which can be applied at drinking WTP.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.191-200
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• 2004

DAF process has been designed considering raw water quality characteristics in Korea. Although direct filtration is usually operated, DAF is operated when the freshwater blooms occut or raw water turbidity become high. Pre-sedimentation iS prepared in case when raw water turbidity is very high by rainstorms. A main feature of this plant is that the operation mode can be changed (controlled) based on the characteristics of raw water to optimize the effluent quality and the operation costs. Treatment capacity (surface loading rate) and efficiency of DAF was found to be better than conventional sedimentation process. Moreover, low-density particles (algae and alum flocs) are easily separated while it is difficult to remove in sedimentation. One of the main concerns in adoption of DAF (Dissolved Air-Flotation) process is a high raw water turbidity problem. That is, DAF is not adequate for raw water, which is more turbid than 100NTU. In order to avoid this problem, pre-sedimentation basins are prepared in DAF plant to decrease the turbidity of DAF influent. For simulation of the actual operation, bench and full-scale tests were performed for highly turbid water conditions. Consequently, DAF process coupled with sedimentation is suggested that pre-sedimentation with optimum coagulation prior to DAF would be appropriate.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제38권6_1호
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• pp.1285-1300
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• 2022

탁도는 부유물질에 의한 빛의 산란 또는 흡수로 인한 수체의 흐림을 나타내는 수치로 수질 관리 분야에서 중요 지표로 활용되고 있다. 탁도는 소규모의 하천에서 변동성이 심할 수 있으며, 이는 국가하천의 수질에 직접적으로 영향을 준다. 따라서 고해상도의 탁도 공간정보 산출은 매우 중요하다. 이 연구에서는 Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite-3 및 -3A (KOMPSAT-3/3A) 영상으로부터 한강 수계 하천의 고해상도 탁도 매핑을 위한 eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) 알고리즘 기반의 탁도 산출 모델을 개발하였다. 이를 위해 총 24장의 KOMPSAT-3/3A 영상과 150장의 Landsat-8 영상으로부터 계산된 대기 상단(Top Of Atmosphere, TOA) 반사율을 활용하였으며, Landsat-8 TOA 반사율은 KOMPSAT-3/3A의 관측 파장 대역에 적합하도록 교차검보정을 수행하였다. 국가수질자동관측망에서 측정된 탁도를 탁도 산출 모델의 참조자료로 사용하였고, 입력 변수로는 탁도가 실측된 위치에서의 TOA 분광반사율과 탁도 분석에 널리 이용되어 온 분광지수인 정규식생지수, 정규수분지수, 정규탁도지수, 그리고 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)의 대기 산출물(에어로졸 광학 두께, 수증기량, 오존)을 사용하였다. 또한 고탁도와 저탁도에 대한 KOMPSAT-3/3A TOA 분광반사율을 분석하여 탁도를 설명할 수 있는 새로운 정규탁도지수(new normalized difference turbidity index, nNDTI)를 제안하였고, 이를 탁도 산출 모델에 입력 변수로 추가하였다. XGBoost 기반 탁도 산출 모델은 현장관측 탁도와 비교하여 2.70 NTU의 평균 제곱근 오차(root mean square error, RMSE) 및 14.70%의 정규화된 RMSE(normalized RMSE)를 가지는 탁도를 예측하여 우수한 성능을 보였으며, 이 연구에서 새롭게 제안한 nNDTI가 탁도 산출에 있어 가장 중요한 변수로 사용되었다. 개발된 탁도 산출 모델을 KOMPSAT-3/3A 영상에 적용하여 하천 탁도를 고해상도로 매핑하였으며, 탁도의 시공간적 변동에 대한 분석이 가능하였다. 이 연구를 통하여 고해상도의 정확한 탁도 공간정보 산출에 KOMPSAT-3/3A 영상이 매우 유용함을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.326-331
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• 2010

Montmorillonite is one of representative inorganic clay particles. As the characteristics of clay particulate matter in aqueous environment determine the efficiencies of wastewater treatment and some industrial operations, it is essential to understand its aquatic behavior in relation with turbidity. The change of electrokinetic potential of montmorillonite suspension shows that it tends to negatively increase as the pH of suspension increases. In addition, it is observed that its potential is around 0mV when the solution pH is ca. 5. The turbidity of suspension is shown to be very low when pH is lower than its isoelectric point. However, the turbidity gradually enhances according to beyond isoelectric point. These results reveal that the correlation between electrokinetic potential and turbidity for clay mineral suspension is peculiar which should be fundamentally considered for systematic treatment of wastewater.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.260-270
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• 2000

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of filter aids in the dual-media rapid filtration. Paper-filter tests were conducted to determine the proper dosages of coagulant and filter aid, and pilot plant tests using two dual-media filter columns were performed for a variety of filtration rates. Using a filter aid (non-ionic polymer), the maximum feasible filtration rate is 480m/day, while turbidity is less than 0.3 NTU and filter run-time is about 70 hours. It is possible to increase the filtration rate up to 360 m/day for keeping the turbidity less than 0.1 NTU. Turbidity increases for the filtration rate greater than 360m/day. In general, the quality of filtered water with a filter aid is stable, while the filter maintains a sufficient filter run-time for a maximum allowable head loss. Particularly, the initial breakthrough can be effectively controlled. The use of a filter aid may be one of the methods applicable if the turbidity of filtered water is required to be improved or if the filter breakthrough limits filter run-time.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.503-508
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• 2007

Small scale D-water treatment plant(WTP) where has slow sand filtration was using raw water containing high concentration of manganese (> 2mg/l). The raw water was pre-chlorinated for oxidation of manganese and resulted in difficulty for filtration. Thus, sometimes manganese concentration and turbidity were over the water quality standard. Two stage rapid manganese sand filtration pilot plant which can treat $200m^3/d$ was operated to solve manganese problem in D-WTP. The removal rate of manganese and turbidity were about 38% and 84%, respectively without pH control of raw water. However, when pH of raw water was controlled to average 7.9 with NaOH solution, the removal rate of manganese and turbidity increased to 95.0% and 95.5%, respectively and the water quality of filtrate satisfied the water quality standard. Manganese content in sand was over 0.3mg/g which is Japan Water Association Guideline. The content in upper filter was 5~10 times more than that of middle and lower during an early operation but the content in middle and lower filter was increased more and more with increase of operation time. This result means that the oxidized manganese was adsorbed well in sand. Rapid manganese sand filter was backwashed periodically. The water quality of backwash wastewater was improved by sedimentation. Thus, turbidity and manganese concentration decreased from 29.4NTU to 3.09NTU and from 1.7mg/L to 0.26mg/L, respectively for one day. In Jar test of backwash wastewater with PAC(Poly-aluminum chloride), optimum dosage was 30mg/L. Because the turbidity of filtrate was high as 0.76NTU for early 5 minute after backwash, filter-to-waste should be used after backwash to prevent poor quality water.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.931-940
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• 2010

The Raw water from Deer Creek (DC) reservoir and Little Cottonwood Creek (LCC) reservoir in the Utah, USA were collected for jar test experiments. This study examined the removal of arsenic and turbidity by means of coagulation and flocculation processes using of aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride as coagulants for 13 jar tests. The jar tests were performed to determine the optimal pH range, alum concentration, ferric chloride concentration and polymer concentration for arsenic and turbidity removal. The results showed that a comparison was made between alum and ferric chloride as coagulant. Removal efficiency of arsenic and turbidity for alum (16 mg/L) of up to 79.6% and 90.3% at pH 6.5 respectively were observed. Removal efficiency of arsenic and turbidity for ferric chloride (8 mg/L) of up to 59.5% at pH 8 and 90.6% at pH 8 respectively were observed. Optimum arsenic and turbidity removal for alum dosages were achieved with a 25 mg/L and 16 mg/L respectively. Optimum arsenic and turbidity removal for ferric chloride dosages were achieved with a 20 mg/Land 8 mg/L respectively. In terms of minimizing the arsenic and turbidity levels, the optimum pH ranges were 6.5 and 8for alum and ferric chloride respectively. When a dosage of 2 mg/L of potassium permanganate and 8 mg/L of ferric chloride were employed, potassium permanganate can improve arsenic removal, but not turbidity removal.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.291-301
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of salt concentration and turbidity on the inactivation of Artemia sp. by electrolysis, UV photolysis, electrolysis+UV process to treat ballast water in the presence of brackish water or muddy water caused by rainfall. The inactivation at different salt concentrations (30 g/L and 3 g/L) and turbidity levels (0, 156, 779 NTU) was compared. A decrease in salt concentration reduced RNO (OH radical generation index) degradation and TRO (Total Residual Oxidant) production, indicating that a longer electrolysis time is required to achieve a 100% inactivation rate in electrolysis process. In the UV process, the higher turbidity results in lower UV transmittance and lower inactivation efficiency of Artemia sp. Higher the turbidity resulted in lower ultraviolet transmittance in the UV process and lower inactivation efficiency of Artemia sp. A UV exposure time of over 30 seconds was required for 100% inactivation. Factors affecting inactivation efficiency of Artemia sp. in low salt concentration are in the order: electrolysis+UV > electrolysis > UV process. In the case of electrolysis+UV process, TRO is lower than the electrolysis process, but RNO is more decomposed, indicating that the OH radical has a greater effect on the inactivation effect. In low salt concentrations and high turbidity conditions, factors affecting Artemia sp. inactivation were in the order electrolysis > electrolysis+UV > UV process. When the salt concentration is low and the turbidity is high, the electrolysis process is affected by the salt concentration and the UV process is affected by turbidity. Therefore, the synergy due to the combination of the electrolysis process and the UV process was small, and the inactivation was lower than that of the single electrolysis process only affected by the salt concentration.