• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.405-410
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• 2013

Purpose: Most studies have reported that the abdominal muscle thickness differs according to gender but none of these studies reported a gender difference in the thickness of the multifidus and erector spine. The spinal alignment is affected by the left and right balance in the trunk muscle. The aim of this study was to identify the trunk muscle symmetry according to gender and the correlations of the trunk muscle thickness with spinal alignment. Methods: Forty three subjects(27 males and 16 females) were enrolled in this study. The trunk muscle thickness was measured by ultrasonography. The trunk muscle, which consisted of the rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique abdominis (EOA), internal oblique abdominis (IOA), transverse abdominis (TrA), erector spine (ES), and multifidus (MF), was measured. The spinal alignment was measured by Formetric-III 3D analysis. The dependent variables of the spinal alignment were the trunk imbalance, trunk inclination, lateral deviation, and surface rotation. Results: The muscle thickness of the EOA muscle increased more significantly in the right side than the left side (p<0.05). Each left and right difference in the muscle thickness between the male and female group showed a significant difference (p<0.05) except for the TrA thickness. Significant positive correlations were observed between the ES and lateral deviation and between the TrA with trunk imbalance. Conclusion: These results suggest that asymptomatic men have a greater trunk muscle thickness than women but there was no difference between the left and right in healthy adults. The trunk muscle thickness of ES, TrA is related by the spinal alignment.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2021

PURPOSE: This study examined effects of the untact trunk stabilization exercise program on muscle thickness, trunk strength, maximal expiratory flow, and static balance. METHODS: The subjects were 20 normal adults divided into 10 in the contact exercise group and 10 in the untact exercise group. The trunk stabilization exercise program was conducted for four weeks. The muscle thickness was measured using ultrasound. The maximal expiratory flow was measured using Personal Best Full Range Peak Flow Meter. The static balance was measured through Bio-rescue; and the trunk muscle strength was measured by bending the upper body forward and measuring the time for maintaining the posture. RESULTS: Both contact and untact exercise groups showed significant differences in muscle thickness, muscle strength, maximal expiratory flow, and static balance (p < .05). A significant difference in muscle thickness on ultrasound was observed between the contact and untact exercise groups (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Activation of the transverse abdominal muscle requires accurate instructions of the contact exercise, but despite environmental constraints, the untact exercise program is as effective as the contact exercise for improving muscle strength, maximum expiratory flow, and static balance.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.95-100
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• 2016

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to examine muscle activities of trunk and lower limb during squat and 108 bows exercises and to provide objective data for establishing a training method for improving muscle strength of trunk and lower limb. Methods: Twenty normal healthy subjects participated in this study. Each exercise was divided into five periods. Muscle activities of trunk and lower limb in each period of both 108 bows and squat exercises were measured and analyzed by independent t-test. Results: In starting, mid-flexion, mid-extension, and end period muscle activities obtained from 108 bows exercise were significantly higher than those from squat exercise. However, in the final flexion period, muscle activities of multifidus, elector spinae, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and tibialis anterior from squat exercise were significantly higher than those from bow exercise. Conclusion: In this study, high muscle activities in most muscles of trunk and lower limb were observed from all periods of 108 bows exercise except the final flexion period. Therefore, it is likely that 108 bows exercise rather than squat exercise is more suitable for high strength exercise to improve muscle strength of trunk and lower limb and thus will be applicable for strengthening muscles of trunk and lower limb of patients.

• 정형스포츠물리치료학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between trunk control and pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength in stroke patients. Methods: This study included 30 patients who had been clinically diagnosed with strokes, and trunk control abilities were measured using the trunk impairment scale (TIS). The subjects were classified into a group with high trunk control ability (TIS score ${\geq}20$) and a group with low trunk control ability (TIS score < 20). The patients' forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) were measured. To compare the pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength between the two groups, the measurement data were analyzed using an independent T-test, and the relationship between TIS and respiratory function was analyzed using a Pearson correlation. Results: The high trunk control ability group had significantly higher pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength than the low trunk control ability group. Significant positive correlations were found between trunk control and FVC, FEV1, PEF, MIP, and MEP. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that trunk control affects pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength in stroke patients.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.203-217
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• 2020

Purpose : This study aimed to determine whether task-oriented trunk training can improve muscle strength, muscle activity, balance, and gait in stroke patients. Methods : A total of 27 stroke patients who agreed to participate in the study were randomly divided into the following two groups: (1) experimental group 1, task-oriented training applied to the proximal part (n=14) and (2) experimental group 2, task-oriented training applied to the distal part (n=13). Thereafter, task-oriented trunk training was accordingly applied in each group for 60 minutes per session, 5 times per week for 6 weeks. Muscle power, muscle activity, balance, and gait were assessed using a digital dynamometer, surface electromyograph, Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and gait analyzer (G-WALK), respectively, before and after training. Results : Trunk muscle strength significantly increased in both groups after training (p<.05). and there was a significant difference between the groups. Muscle activity in the stance phase during gait significantly increased in both groups after training (p<.05), and there was a significant difference between the groups. Muscle activity in the swing phase during gait significantly increased in both groups after training (p<.05), and there was a significant difference between the groups. The TUG test values significantly increased in both groups after training (p<.05), and there was a significant difference between the groups. Gait significantly increased in both groups after training (p<.05), and there was a significant difference between the groups. Conclusion : The results of this study show that task-oriented training can improve trunk muscle strength, muscle activity, balance, and gait in stroke patients.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.1212-1219
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• 2012

본 연구는 만성 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 하여 체간 안정화운동과 체간 저항운동이 균형능력 향상에 어떠한 영향을 주는지 알아보고자 한다. 이 연구의 대상자는 만성 뇌졸중 환자 30명(남: 15, 여: 15)를 무작위로 배분하여 주3회 12주 동안 실시하였다. 균형증진 운동은 선행 연구를 참조하여 수정 보완한 것으로 6가지의 운동으로 구성하였다. 대상자들의 균형능력의 측정은 기능적 기립 균형 검사, 기능적 전방 팔 뻗기 검사, 실행능력 지향형 운동성 평가, 버그균형척도를 이용하였다. 기능적 기립 균형검사와 실행능력 지향형 운동성 평가에서는 체간 저항 운동군과 체간 안정화운동군 두 군에서 향상되었다. 기능적 전방 팔 뻗기 검사에서는 체간 안정화 운동군에서 조금 더 유의하게 향상되었다. 따라서, 체간 저항 운동도 만성 뇌졸중 환자의 균형능력 향상을 시키지만 체간 안정화운동이 균형 능력 향상에 더 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한임상전기생리학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2009

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to study the effect of rectus abdominal muscle contraction by proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation trunk stabilization training using extremity simultaneous pattern (PNF trunk stabilization training) and traditional trunk stabilization training methods. Methods : A group of 24 adults male and female, healthy, with no previous medical history nor disability in neuromuscular system and musculoskeletal system was chosen as subjects, and was divided into a control group, a PNF trunk stabilization training group and a traditional trunk stabilization training group. Experiments were performed on the last two groups, 3 times a week for 6 weeks, totaling 18 times. Using a dynamometer, muscle strength and endurance time on trunk flexion were measured before and after each experiment, and surface electromyography in left and right rectus abdominis were measured. Results : following results were obtained; 1. As for the change in the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), all subjects in the trunk stabilization training group showed significant difference from those in the control group. 2. As for surface electromyography measurement and the changes in root mean square at the time of trunk flexion, in the left rectus abdominis, PNF trunk stabilization training group showed significant difference from the control group, while in the right rectus abdominis, traditional trunk stabilization training group showed significant difference. Conclusion : To sum up the results, both trunk stabilization training groups showed improvement in the MVIC of abdominal muscle, motor unit action potential activity, but the difference between two trunk stabilization training groups was not significant. Therefore, while trunk stabilization training significantly improved abdominal muscle contraction, but the difference attributable to training methods was found to be insignificant.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2018

Purpose : The aim of this study is to compare the trunk muscle activities in trunk stabilization on the stable and unstable supporting surfaces using by sEMG. Methods : The subjects of this study include seventeen male. We measured sEMG activities of rectus abdominis and erector spine in subjects during trunk stabilization such as plank exercise, quadruped position, quadruped position with rising hand and foot on the stable and unstable surface. Results : sEMG activities in plank exercise was significantly higher in left rectus abdominis and left erector spine on unstable surface then stable surface (p<.05). sEMG activities of left rectus abdominis and left erector spine in quadruped position was significantly higher in unstable surface than stable surface (p<.05). In comparison with posture, Plank exercise showed a significant difference increase other postures (p<.05). Conclusion : sEMG activities of muscle in trunk stabilization was significantly higher in unstable surface than stable surface and plank exercise. So, we suggest that trunk stabilization on the unstable supporting surface and plank exercise were more effective method than stable surface to improve trunk muscles activities.

• 국제물리치료학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.2323-2330
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• 2021

Background: Stroke patients have weak trunk muscle strength due to brain injury, so a single type of exercise is advised for restoring functionality. However, even after intervention, the problem still lies and it is suggested that another intervention method should be applied with exercise in order to deal with such problem. Objectives: To Investigate the effect of bridge exercise combined with functional electrical stimulation (FES) on trunk muscle activity and balance in stroke patients. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: From July to August 2020, twenty stroke patients was sampled, ten patients who mediated bridge exercises combined with functional electrical stimulation were assigned to experiment group I, and ten patients who mediated general bridge exercises were assigned to experiment groupII. For the pre-test, using surface EMG were measured paralyzed rectus abdominis, erector spinae, transverse abdominis/internal oblique muscle activity, and using trunk impairment scale were measured balance. In order to find out immediate effect after intervention, post-test was measured immediately same way pre-test. Results: Change in balance didn't show significant difference within and between groups, but muscle activity of trunk was significant difference rectus abdominis and erector spinae within groups I (P<.01), also between groups was significant difference (P<.05). Conclusion: Bridge exercise combined with FES could improve trunk function more effectively than general bridge exercise due to physiological effect of functional electrical stimulation.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.111-118
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• 2019

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the correlation between trunk stabilization muscle activation and the parameters of gait analysis in healthy individuals. Methods: Thirty healthy adults (15 male, 15 female) with no history of lower back pain (LBP) or current musculoskeletal and neurological injuries were studied. Trunk stabilization muscle activation (e.g., external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis, erector spinae) were assessed using surface electromyography. To analyze gait, we measured temporal parameters (e.g., gait velocity, single support phase, double support phase, swing phase, and stance phase) and a spatial parameter (e.g., H-H base of support). Results: A statistically significant correlation was found between the internal oblique, transverse abdominis, and erector spinae muscle activity and gait velocity, single support phase, double support phase, swing phase, and stance phase. No statistically significant correlation was found between the external oblique muscle activity and the gait velocity, single support phase, double support phase, swing phase, and stance phase. No statistically significant correlation was found between the external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis, and erector spinae muscle activity and the spatial parameter. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that a relationship exists between trunk stabilization muscle activation and temporal parameter (i.e., gait velocity, single support phase, double support phase, swing phase, and stance phase) during gait analysis. Therefore, the trunk's stabilizer muscles play an important role in the gait of healthy individuals.