• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.113-119
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• 2016

Objective: The effect of abdominal expansion maneuver (AEM) and abdominal draw-in maneuver (ADIM) on postural control in an unsupported position in stroke patients. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: A total of 36 persons with hemiplegic stroke participated in this study. The subjects were randomly divided into an AEM experimental group (n=12), an experimental ADIM group (n=12), and a control group (n=12). We collected the general characteristics of all subjects and the pre-test results before the intervention and after 4 weeks of the intervention. The trunk stabilization training of the ADIM and AEM group were performed 15 minutes a day, 3 times a week for 4 weeks, and general physical therapy was performed 2 times a day, 30 minutes per session, 5 times a week for all three groups. The control group received joint mobilizations, muscle strengthening, endurance strengthening, and gait exercises along with treatment of the central nervous system, such as neuro-developmental treatment, mat, and gait training. The AEM is an inspiratory phase of tidal breathing expanding the lateral lower ribcage in a lateral direction with minimal superior movements of the chest. Then the lower abdomen expands and the navel moves in an anterior-caudal direction. The ADIM is a repeated contraction and relaxation of the anal sphincter during inspiration. The navel pulls the lower abdomen to the direction of the spine without the movement of the trunk and pelvis. Results: Before and after the interventions, medial-lateral axis movement distance, anterior-posterior axis movement distance, sway mean velocity, and sway area 95% was a statistically significant change in all three groups (p<0.05). The post-hoc test showed a significant improvement in medial-lateral axis movement distance, anterior-posterior axis movement distance, sway mean velocity, and sway area in the AEM group compared with the control group, and in the ADIM group compared with the control group (p<0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, both AEM training and ADIM training are necessary interventions to maintain the independent sitting position according to the characteristics of the patient.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.305-313
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• 2020

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between a functional evaluation model and the Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) scale in evaluating the upper extremities of stroke patients Methods: Thirty-eight stroke patients were evaluated using the FMA and performed reaching and grasping motions using a three-dimensional motion analysis (Qquas 1 series, Qualisys AB, Sweden). The participants sat on a chair with a backrest. The position of the cup was located at a distance of 80% to the front arm length. The markers were attached to the sternum, acromion, elbow lateral epicondyle, ulnar styloid process, three metacarpal heads, and the distal phalanges of the thumb and index finger. The variables of the correlation between the functional evaluation model and the FMA scale were analyzed. Multiple regression (stepwise) was used to investigate the effect of the kinematic variables. Results: A significant negative correlation was found between the movement time (p < 0.05), movement unit (p < 0.05), and trunk displacement values (p < 0.05) in the FMA total scores, while a positive correlation was found between the peak velocity (p < 0.05) and maximum grip aperture values (p < 0.05). As a result of the multiple regression analysis, the most significant factor was the movement unit, followed by the general movement assessment and trunk displacement. The explained FMA total score value was 62%. Conclusion: This study presents a new functional evaluation model for assessing the reaching and grasping ability of stroke patients. The factors of the proposed functional evaluation model showed significant correlations with the FMA scale scores and confirmed that the new functional evaluation model explained the FMA by 67%. This suggests a new functional evaluation model for reaching and grasping stroke patients.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.225-234
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• 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the kinematic sequence patterns according to movement times during Karate choku-tsuki. Method: Ten Korea national Karate athletes participated in this study. Participants asked to perform jodan and chudan choku-tsuki. 30 infrared cameras were used to measure angular kinematic of elbow, shoulder, trunk, pelvis, hip, knee, ankle. Results: The two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant effects for the joints (p<.05). But no significant effect for the movement time and interaction of joints x movement time existed for the kinematic sequence variables. Conclusion: For karate kumite players to reduce the movement time of punch, it is necessary to train kinematic sequences that allow each joint to rotate at a relatively similar timing.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.61-73
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the muscular endurance on the kinematic factors during a prolonged run. Subjects, 12 males, who were divided into three groups(lower group, general group, and in higher group) after measuring the lower limb's muscular endurance previously. They were asked toe run on the treadmill at 7.4km/h of speed. To analyze the kinematics parameters of the trunk during running, the ProReflex MCU Camera(Qualisys, Sweden) were used. All parameters were sampled from 5 minute, 40 minute, and 60 minute moments during running. An ANOVA with Repeated Measure was used to test the statistic significance between and within groups for all parameters determined with SPSS 11.0. Significance was defined as p<.05. The conclusions were as follows; There was significantly difference within(lapse of running time) groups in the take-off and minimum knee angle event of swing phase of the trunk flexion and extension. In conclusion, the muscular endurance affected on movement of the trunk during a prolonged run. In addition, it showed that there was significant difference in the energy consumption by lapse of running time. Therefore, it seems to be relationships between the muscular endurance and running efficiency.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

Purpose : This study aimed to examine the Influence of muscle strengthening exercise and stretching exercise of trunk extensor muscles on muscular strength and flexibility in adolescent of the twenties. Methods : Muscle strengthening exercise group(n=10), stretching exercise group(n=10) and strengthening and stretching exercise group(n=10) were measured muscular strength by digital back and leg dynamometer and flexibility by sit and reach test and trunk extension test at pre-intervention and post-intervention in 4weeks. Results : The flexibility 1, flexibility 2 and muscular strength of muscle strengthening exercise group were significantly increased within the intervention period(p<.05). The flexibility 2 and muscular strength of stretching exercise group were significantly increased within the intervention period(p<.05). but flexibility 1 was not significantly different at in 4 weeks(p>.05). The flexibility 1, flexibility 2 and muscular strength of muscle strengthening and stretching exercise group were significantly increased within the intervention period(p<.05). Conclusion : We were found that muscle strengthening exercise and stretching exercise of trunk extensor muscles could improve muscular strength and flexibility for adolescent of the twenties.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the PNF stabilization technique for the hip joint and the bridging exercise on the trunk stabilizer muscles in healthy adults. Methods: Twenty-eight healthy adults were randomly allocated to either a PNF stabilization exercise group (n = 12) or a bridging exercise group (n = 16). The outcome measures included the contraction thickness ratio in the transversus abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and external oblique (EO), and the TrA lateral slide was assessed during the abdominal drawing-in maneuver using b-mode ultrasound. The researcher measured the abdominal muscle thickness of each participant before the therapist began the intervention and at the moment that the intervention was applied. Between-group comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05. Results: The PNF intervention program showed a significant increase in the trunk stabilizer muscle. The percentage of change in the TrA thickness showed a significant interaction between intervention. However, there were no significant differences in the IO and EO between the two groups. Conclusion: The PNF stabilization technique for the hip joint can be used effectively to improve the IO and TrA muscles in healthy adults.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.1818-1822
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• 2019

Background: Ipsilateral pelvic elevation has been reported as a common compensatory movement during side-lying hip abduction. It has been reported that pelvic elevation inhibits sufficient contraction of gluteus medius. However, few studies have identified the effects of controlled pelvic elevation on the trunk and hip muscles. Objective: To examine the effects of controlled pelvic elevation using visual biofeedback on the muscle activity of the trunk and hip muscles. Design: Crossover study. Methods: Twelve healthy males performed side-lying hip abduction exercises with and without visual biofeedback for pelvic elevation. Electromyography (EMG) activities of the gluteus medius, quadratus lumborum, and multifidus were analyzed using a wireless EMG system while the ipsilateral pelvic elevation angle was measured using a motion sensor during side-lying hip abduction exercises. Results: EMG activities of the gluteus medius (p = .002), quadratus lumborum (p = .022), and multifidus (p = .020) were significantly increased and ipsilateral pelvic elevation was significantly decreased (p = .001) during side-lying hip abduction with visual biofeedback compared to without visual biofeedback. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the application of biofeedback for pelvic motion could improve the trunk and hip muscle activation pattern and decrease compensatory pelvic motion during side-lying hip abduction exercise.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.19-24
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of PNF lower extremity flexion pattern on the eletromyographic (EMG) activity in rectus abdominis, internal oblique abdominal, external oblique abdominal, erector spinae. Methods : Twenty-six healthy adults volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects were required complete following two PNF lower extremity patterns; flexion-adduction-external rotation with knee flexion (D1) and flexion-abduction-internal rotation with knee flexion (D2). A paired t-test was used to determine the influence of the PNF two patterns on muscle activity for each muscle and descriptive statistics was used to determine local/global muscle ratio. Results : The D1 pattern was showed significant rectus abdominis (p<.05) and Median of internal oblique/rectus abdominis ratio was 2.23 and internal oblique/external oblique ratio was 1.53. The D2 pattern showed significant erector spinae (p<.05) and Median of internal oblique/rectus abdominis ratio was 3.06 and internal oblique/external oblique ratio was 1.72. Conclusion : The D1 pattern made rectus abdominis activation increase. The D2 pattern made erector spinae activation increase. As compared D1 and D2 pattern on trunk muscle activation, it's will be useful decision making for the trunk muscle strength and stabilization.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.283-291
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of trunk stability training on static balance and game records among archers. Methods: The subjects comprised 24 voluntary archers in middle and high school (aged 14-19 years). All the subjects received trunk stability training for an hour per day 3 days a week for 4 weeks. The Tetrax balance system was used to measure the stability index of the subjects' static balance. The subjects' game records were scored using a single FITA round system. All the subjects were measured before the intervention, 2 weeks into the intervention, and 4 weeks after the intervention, with a follow-up measurement 2 weeks later. Results: The results of this study showed that the stability index was significantly different across all the measuring positions after the intervention (p<0.05). Furthermore, the results of the measurements of the standing position with eyes open and closed were significantly different before the intervention compared to 4 weeks after the intervention (p<0.05). The archery position with the head turned to the left and eyes closed was also significantly different pre-intervention compared to 2 weeks after the start of the intervention (p<0.05). Additionally, the archery records were significantly different after the intervention (p<0.05), as well as before the intervention and 4 weeks after the intervention (p<0.05). Conclusion: Trunk stability training can improve static balance in archers. It may also be helpful in improving athletic performance and maintaining the life of the athlete. Accordingly, trunk stability training may prevent and resolve injuries through careful management when playing one-side sports.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.11-17
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) leg flexion patterns according to the hip joint angle on electromyographic activity of the trunk. Methods : Thirty healthy adults volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects were required to complete following the PNF leg flexion patterns on three different hip joint flexion $30^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$. An surface electromyogram (SEMG) was used to record the electromyographic activities of the trunk muscle in rectus abdominis, internal oblique abdominal, external oblique abdominal, erector spinae. The data were analyzed using the a repeated measures of one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni's correction. Result : The results of this study are summarized as follows: The EMG activities of internal abdominal oblique and elector spinae muscle showed a statistically significant difference (p<.05). Conclusion : The result show that electromyographic activity of the trunk muscles significantly changed on PNF leg flexion patterns with difference hip joint angle. Therefore, this study used to basis for the intervention of the trunk muscle strength and stabilization.