• 대기
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.119-131
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• 2017

We present and discuss the Tropopause Folding Turbulence Detection (TFTD) algorithm for the Korean Communication, Ocean, Meteorological Satellite (COMS) which is originally developed for the Tropopause Folding Turbulence Product (TFTP) from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-R. The TFTD algorithm assumes that the tropopause folding is linked to the Clear Air Turbulence (CAT), and thereby the tropopause folding areas are detected from the rapid spatial gradients of the upper tropospheric specific humidity. The Layer Averaged Specific Humidity (LASH) is used to represent the upper tropospheric specific humidity calculated using COMS $6.7{\mu}m$ water vapor channel and ERA-interim reanalysis temperature at 300, 400, and 500 hPa. The comparison of LASH with the numerical model specific humidity shows a strong negative correlation of 80% or more. We apply the single threshold, which is determined from sensitivity analysis, for cloud-clearing to overcome strong gradient of LASH at the edge of clouds. The tropopause break lines are detected from the location of strong LASH-gradient using the Canny edge detection based on the image processing technique. The tropopause folding area is defined by expanding the break lines by 2-degree positive gradient direction. The validations of COMS TFTD is performed with Pilot Reports (PIREPs) filtered out Convective Induced Turbulence (CIT) from Dec 2013 to Nov 2014 over the South Korea. The score test shows 0.49 PODy (Probability of Detection 'Yes') and 0.64 PODn (Probability of Detection 'No'). Low POD results from various kinds of CAT reported from PIREPs and the characteristics of high sensitivity in edge detection algorithm.

• 대기
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.331-346
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• 2013

A case study of mesoscale snowfall with polar low signature during 25~26 December 2010 in South Korea is presented. The data used for analysis include surface and upper level weather charts, rain gauge, sea surface temperature, satellite imagery, sounding, and global $1^{\circ}{\times}1^{\circ}$ reanalysis data. The system initiated with a surface trough near the bay of Bohai but quickly intensified to become a polar low within 12 hours. The polar low moved southeastward bringing snowfall to southwestern Korea. There was strong instability layer beneath 800 hPa but baroclinicty was weak and disappeared as the low progressed onto land. Shortwave at 500 hPa and the surface trough became in-phase which hindered the development of the polar low while it approached Korea. However, there were strong tropopause folding (~500 hPa) and high potential vorticity (PV), which allowed the system to maintain its structure and dump 20.3 cm of snow in Jeonju. Synoptic, thermodynamic, dynamic, and moisture analyses reveal that polar low developed in an area of baroclinicity with strong conditional instability and warm air advection at the lower levels. Further, the development of a surface trough to polar low was aided by tropopause folding with PV advection in the upper level, shortwave trough at 500 hPa, and moisture advection with low-level jet (LLJ) of 15 m $s^{-1}$ or more at 850 hPa. Maximum snowfall was concentrated in this region with convection being sustained by latent heat release.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.531-538
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• 2010

This study presents the development of an elevated subsidence inversion over a surface low pressure system, which was formed along the Changma front or Meiu-Baiu front. The results of our analysis strongly suggest that the inversion is dissimilar to those formed in anticyclonic situations but is instead similar to the onion-shaped sounding found in wake low. The present analysis indicates that the observed elevated inversion resulted from the intrusion of stratospheric air associated with tropopause folding.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.645-661
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 2010년 12월 27일부터 28일까지 서울을 포함한 수도권 지역에 많은 강설을 일으킨 사례의 종관적, 열역학적 및 역학적 특징을 조사하였다. 이 사례는 극저기압으로 분류할 수 있는 특성을 지녔다. 분석에 사용된 자료는 지상 및 상층 일기도, 강설량, 해수면온도, 위성사진, 연직프로파일 및 미국 국립환경예측센터의 전구 $1^{\circ}{\times}1^{\circ}$ 재분석자료 등이다. 극저기압은 대기 하층에서 양의 경압성이 강하게 나타나며 925 hPa에 온난이류가, 700 hPa에 한랭이류가 있어 조건부 불안정층이 뚜렷하게 보이는 곳에서 형성되는 것으로 사료된다. 극저기압의 발달기구는 대류권계면 접힘에 의한 성층권 공기의 유입과 그에 따른 위치 소용돌이도의 증가로 하층에 수렴과 저기압성 순환의 유발에 기인한다. 이는 눈구름의 발달로 이어져 서울 지역에는 10 cm, 남부지방에는 최고 20 cm까지 적설을 보였다. 강설의 발달기간동안 상층 500 hPa에는 $-45^{\circ}C$의 한랭핵이 존재하였고 단파골과 지상 기압골간의 위상차도 $3-5^{\circ}$를 이루어 극저기압이 온난역의 저기압성 소용돌이도 이류 지역에서 발달할 수 있었다. 발달의 최성기에는 역학적 대류권계면이 700 hpa까지 하강하였고 위치소용돌이도의 증가로 상승기류도 강화되었다. 전반적으로 강설의 발생과 대류권계면의 파상운동과는 깊은 관련을 보였다. 극저기압이 한반도를 통과하는 동안 대류권계면이 하강하는 지점의 동쪽에 소용돌이도와 상승기류가 강화되었고 동시에 많은 습기가 이류되는 곳에서 강설량도 최대로 나타났다.

• 대기
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.523-532
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• 2014

In this study, thermal tropopause height defined from WMO (World Meteorological Organization) using temperature profile derived from Advance Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A; hereafter named AMSU) onboard EOS (Earth Observing System) Aqua satellite is retrieved. The temperature profile of AMSU was validated by comparison with the radiosonde data observed at Osan weather station. The validation in the upper atmosphere from 500 to 100 hPa pressure level showed that correlation coefficients were in the range of 0.85~0.97 and the bias was less than 1 K with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of ~3 K. Thermal tropopause height was retrieved by using AMSU temperature profile. The bias and RMSE were found to be -5~ -37 hPa and 45~67 hPa, respectively. Correlation coefficients were in the range of 0.5 to 0.7. We also analyzed the change of tropopause height and temperature in middle troposphere in the extreme heavy rain event (23 October, 2003) associated with tropopause folding. As a result, the distinct descent of tropopause height and temperature decrease of ~8 K at 500 hPa altitude were observed at the hour that maximum precipitation and maximum wind speed occurred. These results were consistent with ERA (ECMWF Reanalysis)-Interim data (potential vorticity, temperature) in time and space.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제28권9호
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• pp.765-784
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• 2019

The synoptic structural characteristics associated with heavy snowfall (Bukgangneung: 31.3 cm) that occurred in the Yeongdong area on 20 January 2017 was investigated using surface and upper-level weather charts, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis data, radiosonde data, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud product. The cold dome and warm trough of approximately 500 hPa appeared with tropopause folding. As a result, cold and dry air penetrated into the middle and upper levels. At this time, the enhanced cyclonic potential vorticity caused strong baroclinicity, resulting in the sudden development of low pressure at the surface. Under the synoptic structure, localized heavy snowfall occurred in the Yeongdong area within a short time. These results can be confirmed from the vertical analysis of radiosonde data and the characteristics of the MODIS cloud product.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.354-369
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• 2010

2006년 10월 22일에서 24일에 걸쳐 한반도 강릉지역에서 강한 집중호우가 발생했다. 이 기간에 대해서 집중호우가 발생하기 전과 강우강도가 가장 강했을 때 나타나는 종관적, 운동학적 특성을 조사하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 지상일기도, 상층일기도, 적외위성영상, 자동기상관측장비(AWS) 자료, NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction) 전구분석자료를 이용하였다. 분석 기간 동안 강릉에서 관측된 총 강수량은 316.5 mm이고, 최대 순간풍속은 $63.7m\;s^{-1}$이다. 일기도를 분석해보면 집중호우가 시작하기 전 온대저기압이 한반도 중부에서 발달하였으며 한반도 북부에 역전기압골이 형성되어 있다. 또한 300 hPa 상층일기도에서는 서해와 한반도 남부에 제트기류가 위치하며, 위치 소용돌이도 이상과 관련된 절리 저기압이 한반도 북서부에서 발달하고 있다. 강우강도가 가장 강했을 때의 특성을 좀 더 자세히 알아보기 위하여 강릉지역의 위치 소용돌이도 이상과 바람, 위치 소용돌이도의 시간-연직 단면도, 연직운동, 발산장과 수렴장, 역학적 온위의 연직분포에 대해 조사하였다. 종관적, 운동학적 과정을 분석해 본 결과 대류권계면 접힘이 집중호우 발생에 큰 역할을 한 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2001년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.75-76
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• 2001

대류권오존의 기원은 크게 두 부분으로 나누어진다. 첫 번째, 오존의 전구물질인 CO, NOx, 그리고 non-methan hydrocarbon이 빛과 작용하여 형성되어지는데, 이러한 조건에 부합되는 시기는 태양의 일사량이 풍부하고 온도가 높은 5∼9월경이다. 두 번째는, 제트기류가 위치하는 곳에서 대기의 섭동에 의해 대류권계면 접힘 (tropopause folding) 현상 발생시 오존 전량의 90%가 존재하는 성층권에서 다량의 오존이 대류권으로 유입되기도 한다 (Fishman et al., 1979; Uccellini et al., 1985). (중략)

• 대기
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.9-36
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• 2009

Two heavy snowfall events occurred in Yeongnam and Yeongdong regions of the Korean Peninsula during the period from 4 to 6 March 2005 are analyzed. The events were developed by two different meso-scale snow clouds associated with an extratropical low passing over the Western Pacific. Based on synoptic data, GOES-9 satellite images, and precipitation amount data, the events were named as Sokcho and Busan cases, respectively. We analyzed the development mechanism of the events using meterological variables from the NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction) /NCAR(National Centers for Atmospheric Research) reanalysis data such as potential vorticity(PV), divergence, tropopause undulation, static stability, and meridional wind circulation. The present analyses show that in the case of Sokcho, the cyclonic circulation in the lower atmosphere in the strong baroclinic region induced the cyclonic circulation in the upper atmosphere. The cyclonic circulation in the lower and upper atmosphere caused a heavy snowfall in the Sokcho region. In the case of Busan, the strong cyclonic circulation in the upper atmosphere was initiated by the stratospheric air intrusion with the high positive PV into the troposphere during the tropopause folding. The upper strong cyclonic circulation enhanced the cyclonic circulation in the lower disturbed atmosphere due to the extratropical low. This lower cyclonic circulation in turn, intensified the upper cyclonic circulation, that caused a heavy snowfall in the Busan region.

• 대기
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.301-319
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• 2016

The evolutionary process of the polar low, which caused the heavy snowfall in the East Coast area on 11~12 February 2011, was investigated to describe in detail using synoptic weather charts, satellite imageries, and ERA (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis) -Interim reanalysis data. It was revealed that 1) the polar low was generated over the sea near Busan where a large cyclonic shear in the inverted trough branched from the parent low existed, 2) during the developing and mature stages, there was a convectively unstable region in the lower layer around the polar low and its south side, 3) the polar low was developed in the region where the static stability in the 500~850 hPa layer was the lowest, 4) the result from the budget analysis of the vorticity equation indicated that the increase in the vorticity at the lower atmosphere, where the polar low was located, was dominated mainly by the stretching term, 5) the warm core structure of the polar low was identified in the surface-700 hPa layer during the mature stage, 6) there was a close inverse relationship between a development of the polar low and the height of the dynamic tropopause over the polar low, and 7) for generation and development of the polar low, large-scale circulation systems, such as upper cold low and its combined short wave trough, major low (parent low), and polar air outbreak, should be presented, indicating that the polar low has the nature of the baroclinic disturbance.