• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.170-176
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• 2008

This study was designed to investigate the effects of enzymatic hydrolysates (EH) from Hamcho (Salicornia herbacea L.) on blood glucose and serum lipid status in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into normal and 5 diabetic groups. The diabetic groups were fed enzymatic hydrolysate-free control (DM) diets or diets supplemented with 0.02% (DM-2), 0.04% (DM-4), 0.08% (DM-8), and 0.16% (DM-16) of enzymatic hydrolysate for 4 weeks. Body weight gains were lower in five diabetic groups than that of the normal group. Blood glucose was decreased in EH-supplemented groups as compared to the normal group, and especially the lowest blood glucose levels were found in DM-4 and DM-8 groups. Activities of three disaccharidase in the middle part of the intestine, such as maltase, sucrase and lactase, in EH-supplemented groups were significantly lower than those of DM group. There was no significant differences in the activities of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) among all experimental groups. Serum triglyceride in DM group was significantly increased as compared to the normal group, but those of EH-supplemented groups were decreased to the normal level. Total cholesterol level in DM group was higher than EH-supplemented groups and normal group, but that of DM-16 group was significantly decreased to the normal level. HDL cholesterol level in DM group was significantly decreased compared to the normal group, but that of EH-supplemented groups was increased to the normal level. These results suggest that enzymatic hydrolysate from Hamcho has hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects on STZ-induced diabetic rats and may be useful as a dietary supplement for the treatment of diabetes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.510-518
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• 2012

This study examined the biological activity and synergistic effects of an extract of Wa-song ($Orostachys$ $japonicus$, OE), a medicinal plant mixture (MPE) and a combination of both at different ratios (1:1, OMPE-1 and 3:1, OMPE-3). Extracts of the medicinal plants mixture were comprised of Baekbokyung, Changchul and Sa-in at the same ratio. The antioxidant activity of the extracts and their complex were tested $in$ $vitro$. The $in$ $vivo$ antioxidant activity was also analyzed by examining the lipid composition in the liver and kidney of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes rats. The nitric oxide radical scavenging activity was more than 50% in OMPE-3 at a 1,000 ${\mu}g$/mL concentration. Regarding metal ions, such as $Fe^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$, the antioxidant activity of OMPE-1 and OMPE-3 was higher than that of OE and MPE. OMPE-1 and 3 had higher activity on $Cu^{2+}$ ions than $Fe^{2+}$ ions. The ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition activity of the OE extract was higher than that of MPE and OMPE-1 but the relative activity of OMPE-3 was significantly higher than the others. Freeze-dried MPE, OMPE-1 and OMPE-3 were added to the diet at a level of 1% given to STZ induced diabetes rats for 4 weeks. The OMPE-1 and OMPE-3 administered groups showed significant decreases in the total lipid, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the liver and kidney. In these groups, the glycogen accumulation level of the liver was increased significantly. The content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the liver and kidney was decreased but the DPPH radical scavenging activity was increased. These results suggest that Wa-song extract exhibits antioxidant and antidiabetic activity, which are enhanced by a complex with a medical plants extract.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.471-479
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of various levels of chitosan oligomer (CO) molecular weight on the disorders of lipid metabolism and immune-related factors induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), that is a endocrine disrupter, using adult male rats (SD) for 3 weeks. These 40 animals were divided into five groups. Three kinds of CO were used by molecular weight (MW) (less than 1000, 1000~3000, and 5000~10000) and added 4% to basal diets respectively. TCDD (40 ${\mu}g$/kg B.W) was intraperitoneally injected into rats at the beginning of the experiment. The relative weights of the livers were increased in all rats treated with TCDD, and the brain and testis weights were increased in all CO diet groups, compared to the control and TCDD groups. The levels of white blood cells (WBC) and red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin, hematocrits (HCT), and platelets were significantly lowered by treating TCDD. By the way, RBC and HCT tended to recover by CO diets. The elevation of serum total and HDL cholesterol levels induced by TCDD treatment was significantly reduced by CO (5000~10000 MW) diets. The apparent increasing of the total lipid, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels of rat livers induced by TCDD was tended to be suppressed in those fed CO diets. Especially, diets with less than 1000 MW significantly diminished liver triglycerides. The levels of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgG1 and IgM were significantly high in rats fed CO (5000~10000 MW) diets. The decreasing levels of IgE by treatment with TCDD tended to recover all the CO diet groups to the level of control group. In histochemical observation, the fat droplets and apoptosis of liver due to TCDD treatment were markedly alleviated in all CO diet groups. These results indicated that CO, though not regular according to molecular weight, can exert improving effects on lipid accumulation, hepatocytic disorders, abnormal blood cells, and some immunoglobulins induced by TCDD.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.193-211
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the management and support system affecting to the occupational health nursing services(OHNS) provided in group occupational health agencies(GOHA). Questionnaire was developed and distributed to 82 nurses who were working in GOHA and who agreed to participate in the survey. The results were as follow: 1. OH nurses responded were mostly in the age of twenty to thirties(89%), married(73.7%), technical college graduates(88.9%), worked in hospital(85.4%) and participated more than 1 year in group occupational health services (96.3%). 2. Fifty eight point four percent of the OH nurses worked in number of workplace more than 30 to less than 60 in the OHNS form. The figure of workplaces undertaken by nurses was ranged greatly from 9 to more than 100. Number of employees who cared by nurses were mostly under 5,000 peoples in 93.3%. The types of industry was mostly manufacturing and located in the order of factory complex area, suburban, urban and others. 3. Most OH nurses(87.8%) were fully involved in the OHNS for the SSE. Their working days to visit SSE was 5 days per week(77.8%) and one day in the GOHA at 41.3%. 4. The OH documents using by nurses were found in more than 23 different types. However, they were largely summarized in the types of 'Workplace Health Management Card', 'Personal Health Counselling Card', 'Daily Health Management Report', 'Visiting List of Workplace' and 'Sick Employee List'. 5. The items of laboratory test provided by GOHA were mostly achieved in the purpose of basic health examination. They were used to be the blood pressure check(98.8%), blood sugar test (98.8%), urine sugar and protein(91.4%), SGOT and SGPT(85.3% each), cholesterol (82.9%), hepa vaccine immunization(82.9%), r-GPT(81.7%), hemoglobin(79.3%) and triglyceride(75.5%). 6. The OH nurses(92.7%) followed the work pattern to visit the GOHA before and after small-scale enterprises(SSE) visit by car driven by nurses in 74.3%. They were payed by GOHA for transportation fees in certain amounts. However, nurse is the main person(75.0%) who covers up in case of traffic accident. If the GOHA has no transportation regulation for the formal workplace visit, data showed that nurses had been responsible to take charge(31.7%). 7. The personnel manager who takes in charge for nursing services was 'nurse' in 61.7% and 41.2% worked as the final decision maker related to nursing work. The OH nurses' opinions about factors affecting to the management were classified in the four areas such as 'Nature(Quality) of health professional'. 'Content of OHNS', 'Delivery system of the GOHS', and 'Others'. The factors were indicated highly in 'Authority as health professional', 'Level of perception of director on the OH' and 'Physical work condition for OHNS'. The things that this study suggests in the recommendation would be summarized in such as the management and supporting system working for SSE in the OHNS is necessary to reform thoroughly. The reconsidered aspects might be in the matters of number of workplaces undertaken by nurses, development of effectively practical health documents, preparation for guideline of the laboratory test in the workpleces, establishment of convenient and encouraging support system and cooperation between other health professionals with respect and skill.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.131-139
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of aqueous extracts from Tremella fuciformis Berk(Tf AE) against stress during long-term and short-term in ICR mice. All the animals were randomly divided into two groups which had been bred for 5 months that were treated by immobilization stress for 8 weeks (total 7 months breeding, equivalent to human beings aged 20) with or without Tf AE, and one out of two groups was continuously bred until they become 18 months old (equivalent to human beings aged 60) without Tf AE. Afterwards, the changes of serum and hepatic metabolites were investigated on the basis of the index of stress-related in vivo oxidative damage. As a result, it was found that stress increases serum triglyceride (TG) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and decreases serum HDL-cholesterol in the long-term (total 18 months breeding) and short-term (total 7 months breeding). In addition, stress concerned the decrease of total antioxidant status (TAS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver. On the other hand, Tf AE-fed groups reversed all these biochemical indices. These results suggest that stress in one's youth causes negative results in TG, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, AST, TAS, SOD and MDA measured in one's senescent. The administration of Tf AE in the stressed mice decreases serum TG and AST that are increased by stress, and exerts influence on the increase of serum HDL-cholesterol. Also Tf AE recovered the values of liver TAS, SOD and MDA in the stressed mice. In conclusion, Tf AE represented protective effect in the stressed mice to some degree.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.39-45
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• 2005

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of hot water soluble extract from green tea on the components of serum and the liver and the antioxidative effects in accordance with the different protein types. For this purpose, four experimental groups were set up. As for the protein source casein, isolated soy protein was supplemented to the rats, together with hot water soluble extract from green tea. Four experimental groups kept eight Sprague-Dawley rats respectively. The CP group was supplemented with casein only, the CG group was supplemented with casein and hot water soluble extract from green tea, the ISP group was supplemented with isolated soy protein only, and the ISG group was supplemented with the isolated soy protein with hot water soluble extract from green tea. After 4 weeks of feeding with experimental diet, the levels of serum and liver lipid and antioxidant enzyme activity and TBARS in the liver were measured. The results are; 1. Weight gain and FER were higher in the casein group than in the isolated soy protein group in general. In the casein group, the weight gain and FER were reduced significantly when hot water soluble extract from green tea was supplemented (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in feed intake. 2. In general, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in the serum were higher in the casein group than in the isolated soy protein group, however just the concentration of LDL-cholesterol in the casein group was significantly lower when the hot water soluble extract from green tea was supplemented (P < 0.05). 3. Triglycerides in the liver were higher in the casein group than in the isolated soy protein group general, however when hot water soluble extract from green teas was supplemented only in the isolated soy protein group, the content of triglyceride in liver was significantly lower (P < 0.05). 4. There was no significant difference in antioxidant enzyme activity in the liver in all the groups, however the content of TBARS was low only in the casein group when hot water soluble extract from green tea was supplemented (P < 0.05).

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2007.12a
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• pp.57-58
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• 2007

Purpose: Ginseng is a well-known medical plant used in traditional Oriental medicine. Korean red ginseng (KRG) has been known to have potent biological activities such as radical scavenging, vasodilating, anti-tumor and anti-diabetic activities. However, the mechanism of the beneficial effects of KRG on diabetes is yet to be elucidated. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-diabetic effect and mechanism of KRG extract in C57BL/KsJ db/db mice. Methods: The db/db mice were randomly divided into six groups: diabetic control group (DC), red ginseng extract low dose group (RGL, 100 mg/kg), red ginseng extract high dose group (RGH, 200 mg/kg), metformin group (MET, 300 mg/kg), glipizide group (GPZ, 15 mg/kg) and pioglitazone group (PIO, 30 mg/kg), and treated with drugs once per day for 10 weeks. During the experiment, body weight and blood glucose levels were measured once every week. At the end of treatment, we measured Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), blood glucose, insulin, triglyceride (TG), adiponectin, leptin, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA). Morphological analyses of liver, pancreas and white adipose tissue were done by histological observation through hematoxylin-eosin staining. Pancreatic islet insulin and glucagon levels were detected by double-immunofluorescence staining. To elucidate an action of mechanism of KRG, DNA microarray analyses were performed, and western blot and RT-PCR were conducted for validation. Results: Compared to the DC group mice, body weight gain of PIO treated group mice showed 15.2% increase, but the other group mice did not showed significant differences. Compared to the DC group, fasting blood glucose levels were decreased by 19.8% in RGL, 18.3% in RGH, 67.7% in MET, 52.3% in GPZ, 56.9% in PIO-treated group. With decreased plasma glucose levels, the insulin resistance index of the RGL-treated group was reduced by 27.7% compared to the DC group. Insulin resistance values for positive drugs were all markedly decreased by 80.8%, 41.1% and 68.9%, compared to that of DC group. HbA1c levels in RGL, RGH, MET, GPZ and PIO-treated groups were also decreased by 11.0%, 6.4%, 18.9%, 16.1% and 27.9% compared to that of DC group, and these figure revealed a similar trend shown in plasma glucose levels. Plasma TG and NEFA levels were decreased by 18.8% and 16.8%, respectively, and plasma adiponectin and leptin levels were increased by 20.6% and 12.1%, respectively, in the RGL-treated group compared to those in DC group. Histological analysis of the liver of mice treated with KRG revealed a significantly decreased number of lipid droplets compared to the DC group. The control mice exhibited definitive loss and degeneration of islet, whereas mice treated with KRG preserved islet architecture. Compared to the DC group mice, KRG resulted in significant reduction of adipocytes. From the pancreatic islet double-immunofluorescence staining, we observed KRG has increased insulin production, but decreased glucagon production. KRG treatment resulted in stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in the db/db mice liver. To elucidate mechanism of action of KRG extract, microarray analysis was conducted in the liver tissue of mice treated with KRG extract, and results suggest that red ginseng affects on hepatic expression of genes responsible for glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and fatty acid oxidation. In summary, multiple administration of KRG showed the hypoglycemic activity and improved glucose tolerance. In addition, KRG increased glucose utilization and improved insulin sensitivity through inhibition of lipogenesis and activation of fatty acid $\beta$-oxidation in the liver tissue. In view of our present data, we may suggest that KRG could provide a solid basis for the development of new anti-diabetic drug.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.450-455
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• 2008

Previously, we have shown that green tea extract lowers the intestinal absorption of cholesterol, fat, and other fat-soluble compounds. We conducted this study to determine whether green tea extract affects the rate of $^{14}C$-oleic acid esterification into various lipids in the intestinal mucosa of rats. Male Sprague-Dawley ruts were had free access to a nutritionally adequate AIN-93G diet and deionized water. Initially, the rat's mucosal content of total lipids was measured following 1 mL olive oil administration with (green tea group) or without (control group) 100 mg green tea extract powder. At 1 h and 5 h, intestinal segments were extracted for total lipid analysis. Secondly, to measure mucosal esterification rates of lipids, an abdominal incision was made along the midline, and a 10-cm long jejunal segment of the small intestine was ligated in situ. Then, micellar solutions with or without green tea extract were injected into the ligated jejunal segments and incubated for 10 mill. The micellar solution contained $200.0\;{\mu}$ Ci $^{14}C$-oleic acid, $200.1\;{\mu}mol$ unlabelled oleic acid, $66.7\;{\mu}mol$ 2-monooleoylglycerol, $66.7\;{\mu}mol$ palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 2.2 mmol glucose, $50.0\;{\mu}mol$ albumin, and 16.5 mmol Na-taurocholate per L of phosphate buffered saline (pH, 6.3) with or without 8.87 g green tea extract powder. At 10 min, each rat was sacrificed by cervical dislocation under anesthesia and the segment was removed for lipid analysis. Significant differences were observed in mucosal triglyceride content at 1 h and 5 h in ruts given green tea extract. Significant differences in the rate of $^{14}C$-oleic acid esterification into triglycerides and phospholipids fractions were observed between control and green tea groups. However, There were no significant differences in other lipid fractions. These results indicate that the lowered esterification rates of $^{14}C$-oleic acid into triglycerides and phospholipids fractions is attributable to presence of green tea extract. This may be associated with an inhibitory effect of green tea catechin on the mucosal processes of lipids, leading to the inhibition of intestinal absorption of lipids.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.264-279
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• 2011

Objectives: The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of a metabolic syndrome management program on participants enrolled in a public health center program in, Seoul, Korea for 6 months and to analyze the changes in their life habits and risk factors for treating their metabolic syndrome. Methods: Participants enrolled in a metabolic syndrome program at a public health center and answered questionnaires. Their waist circumference and, blood pressure were measured and their blood was tested. Based on the results, the participants were classified into 3 groups. Then, the center provided a metabolic syndrome management intervention program for the individual groups and analyzed the changes in participants' life habits and risk factors after 6 months. Results: After the intervention, the active group, showed improved physical activity, increased eating habits by 0.7 points, and decreased drinking and smoking; however, these results were not statistically significant. As for the Participants' overall health status, all groups positively changed a statistically significant result. In regard to the change in risk factors for metabolic syndrome in the active group, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and triglyceride levels were, statistically significantly decreased, meanwhile, an increase was found in HDL cholesterol level, waist measurement, and anteprandial glucose level; but the result were not statistically significant. Their review rate was 19.0%; 29.4% in the active group, 19.0% in motivating group A, and 14.5% in motivating group B. Conclusions: Participants showed changes in some life habits and risk factors, a result still far from the program's goal to improve residents' health status (improved living habits and variations in risk factors); thus, it is necessary to supplement this program for better performance.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.720-725
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• 2003

Effects of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on serum lipids and body fat in rats fed high-fat diet supplemented with 10% (w/w) lard during 11-week experimental period were investigated. Ninety-six male rats were randomly divided into eight groups: A, negative control (lard 10%); B, positive control (lard 10%+rat chow+5 brix water extract); C, lard 10%+1% G. Rhizoma powder; D, lard 10%+5% G. Rhizoma powder; E, lard 10%+2 brix 50% ethanol extract; F, lard 10%+10 brix 50% ethanol extract; G, lard 10%+2 brix water extract; H, lard 10%+10 brix water extract. Body weight gain, although slightly higher in groups A, B, and G, did not differ significantly among dietary groups. Weights of liver, spleen, kidney, and testis were significantly higher among dietary groups. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were markedly higher in both control groups than group H (p<0.05). Serum HDL concentration was significantly higher in group E, and lower in group A (p<0.05). Serum LDL+VLDL concentration was significantly lower in groups E, G, and H (p<0.05). Serum testosterone level was slightly higher in groups E, D, and H. Blood glucose level was significantly higher in groups B and G, whereas lower in group H (p<0.05). Epididymal fat pad (EFP) was markedly higher in control groups than G. Rhizoma diet-fed groups (p<0.05). The results indicated that decrease in serum lipids (TC, TG, LDL+VLDL) and body fat, and increase in serum HDL and testosterone levels were higher in groups E and H extracts than groups fed G. Rhizoma powder.